西方现代民主的政治逻辑和理论困境——基于马克思政治哲学的批判性考察

The Political Logic and Theoretical Dilemma of Western Modern Democracy——Based on a Critical Review of Marx's Political Philosophy

通过重述国家与社会相分离的理论过程,马克思论证现代政治逻辑演进的结果是政治等级转变为社会等级,国家的立法权成为大众争夺的领域,从而产生了代表制原则及社会等级的矛盾。代议制民主作为现代政治的主导运作机制,企求以利益分立的博弈实现民主权力的竞争性分配,形成"以力取胜"的精英民主模式,限制了社会进步力量和弱势群体对自身利益的诉求权利,并引起程序主义僭越民主价值的理论危机。当代西方学者着力反思以"自由竞争性选举"为核心的代议制民主的内在限度和价值问题,力求探索新的民主实现模式,重建个人与共同体的关系,但这一努力没有从根本上触及西方现代民主的政治逻辑,不可能真正解决现代民主危机,现代民主危机的彻底解决需要全新的历史视野和理论范式。

Through restating the theory process of the separation of state and society, Marx indicates that the result of modem political logic is the political level transformed into the social level, and the public participate in and fight for the field of national legislative power, which produce the principle of representative system and the contradictions of social classes. Representative democracy as the dominant mechanism of modem politics, desire to realize competitive allocation of democratic power by interests division game, finally formed elite democratic model of ＂winning by force＂, which limiting the appeal rights of the social progress strength and vulnerable groups for their own interests, and lead to the theory of crisis of democratic process arrogating democratic values. The contemporary western scholars focus on reflection with the intrinsic limit and value problem of representative democracy, strive to explore new democratic implementation pattern, and realize the reconstruction of individual and community relations, but the efforts did not fundamentally change the political logic of western modem democracy, which can＇t really solve the crisis of modem democracy. Completely solve modem democratic crisis need a new historical perspective and theoretical paradigm.