基于理想生态系统模式与三维景观指数的徽派村落空间特征解析——以呈坎为例

Spatial characteristics analysis of Huizhou-Styled Village based on ideal ecosystem model and 3D landscape indices:A case in Chengkan,China

徽派村落是中国传统村落的典型代表,蕴含了丰富的地域文化和生态内涵,是中国古代人与自然和谐相处的典范,其研究与保护在生态学、地理学、建筑学和美学等领域具有重要的科学价值.本文以呈坎村为例,综合风水理论、心理场理论等,从生态学视角提出理想人居环境的理想生态系统模式,并引入三维景观指数,对徽派村落空间结构进行解析,定量分析村落理想生态系统各景观要素组合结构的生态功能体现.结果表明:呈坎村立体结构为"山-林-屋-水-林"的景观空间组合模式,形成了以人为中心、自然景观立体环绕的圈层结构,符合理想人居模式.传统基于投影距离的方法造成了景观指数偏差(如对面积与边长的低估).平均斑块面积三维指数比二维指数高6.7%;林地的面积比重三维指数比二维指数高1.0%,其他景观类型的面积比重均有所下降,其中建设用地和耕地等人工斑块的面积比重下降最多.面积与周长指标被低估,形状指标和多样性指标被高估,导致景观格局分析中自然斑块的优势度被低估、人工斑块的优势度被高估.三维景观指数表明,呈坎村落生态系统中各自然要素及组合体现出了较好的生态功能,关键要素和景观生态系统具有较高的稳定性、连接度和聚集性;定量印证了以呈坎为代表的徽派村落是理想的生态系统.

HuizhouStyled Village is a typical representative of the traditional Chinese ancient villages. It preserves plentiful information of the regional culture and ecological connotation. The HuizhouStyle is the apotheosis of harmony between the Chinese ancient people and nature. The research and protection of HuizhouStyled Village plays a very important role in fields of ecology, geography, architecture and esthetics. This paper took Chengkan Village of Anhui Province as an example, and proposed a new model of ideal ecosystem oriented in theories of Fengshui and psychological field. The new method of characterizing 3D landscape index was introduced to explore the spatial patterns of HuizhouStyled Village and the functionality of the composited landscape components in a quantitative way. The results indicated that, Chengkan Village showed a spatially composited pattern of “mountainforestvillageriverforest”. It formed an ideal settlement ring structure with human architecture in the center and natural landscape around in the horizontal and vertical horizons. The traditional method based on the projection distance caused the deviation of the landscape index, such as underestimating the area and distance of landscape patch. The 3D landscape index of average patch area was 6.7% higher than the 2D landscape index. The increasing rate of area proportion in 3D index was 1.0% higher than that of 2D index in forest lands. Area proportion of the other landscapes decreased, especially the artificial landscapes like construction and cropland landscapes. The area and perimeter metric were underestimated, whereas the shape metric and the diversity metric were overestimated. This caused the underestimation of the dominance of natural patches was underestimated and the overestimation of the dominance of artificial patches during the analysis of landscape pattern. The 3D landscape index showed that the natural elements and their combination in Chengkan Village ecosystem reflected better ecological function, the key elements and the composited landscape ecosystem preserved higher stability, connectivity and aggregation. The quantitative confirmation showed that the HuizhouStyled Village represented by Chengkan Village is an ideal ecosystem.