摘要
Endourological treatment modalities for kidney stones include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy （ESWL）, flexible ureteroscopy （fURS）, percutaneous nephrolithotomy （PCNL）, and laparoscopy.PCNL is currently the recommended treatment for patients with complex renal stones. However, for complex renal stones, the residual stone after PCNL is very common, and the treatment is a sticky business.
Endourological treatment modalities for kidney stones include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy （ESWL）, flexible ureteroscopy （fURS）, percutaneous nephrolithotomy （PCNL）, and laparoscopy.PCNL is currently the recommended treatment for patients with complex renal stones. However, for complex renal stones, the residual stone after PCNL is very common, and the treatment is a sticky business.
