朱熹、陈亮王霸之辨新论

New Arguments on the Debate about King and Dictator between Zhu Xi and Chen Liang

朱熹特别强调道的客观性、超越性,认为道是"亘古亘今常在不灭之物",尽管一千五百年间道没有一日行于天地之间,但道并未泯息。朱熹认为三代实行的是王道,三代本身就是道的代名词,三代本身就是超越的,超越于历史的、可望不可即的,所以朱熹所谓的三代是理想化的三代,而不是历史上实实在在存在过的那个三代。朱熹理想化三代是要把三代作为一个真实的理想、超越的榜样,以之映照出现实的不完美,以之为根据来批评现实、提升现实。陈亮关心的是道的落实,不是道的超越,而朱熹关心的恰恰是道的超越性,二者争论的问题本不在一个层面上。

Zhu Xi stressed especially on the objectivity and transcendence of ＂dao＂,and believed that ＂dao＂is ＂always existing from the past into the future and can＇t be destroyed＂. Although during the past 1500 years it seemed as if ＂dao＂couldn＇t been found even in a single day,in fact ＂dao＂still didn＇t vanish. Zhu Xi believed that the three dynasties（ Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasty） exercised the way of king,representing the concept of＂dao＂; that the three dynasties were transcendent,and surpassed the history beyond reach and expectation. Yet what Zhu Xi described was the ideal three dynasties,not the real three dynasties that existed materially in history.The reason why Zhu Xi idealized the three dynasties is that he wanted to take that period as the true ideal and transcendent example,that he could use it to reflect the imperfect of reality,and that he could criticize the reality and improve the reality according to this ideal. What Chen Liang cared about is the practice of ＂dao＂,not its transcendence,while what Zhu Xi cared for was exactly the transcendence of ＂dao＂. So the problem they debated about was in fact in two different levels.