2013年中国乳母产后1个月的膳食状况

Dietary intake status of Chinese lactating women during the first month postpartum in 2013

目的：分析我国乳母产后1个月的膳食状况。方法数据来源于2013年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中0～5岁儿童和乳母的调查数据，采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法，抽取中国内地除西藏自治区以外的30个省（直辖市、自治区）的55个监测点，共调查了产后1～6个月的乳母3623名。采用半定量食物频率法调查产后1～6个月的乳母产后1个月内的食物摄入情况；分析比较不同特征乳母各类食物食用率及日摄入量的差异。结果剔除异常值后，共有3300名乳母资料纳入分析。除谷薯类和液体食用率均为100%外，乳母产后1个月食用率较高的为鱼禽蛋肉类（98.2%，3239名）和蔬菜类（90.7%，2987名）；水果类的食用率为67.4%（2222名）；奶类及其制品的食用率最低（38.3%，1262名）。乳母产后1个月谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、鱼禽蛋肉类摄入量P50分别为247.8、150.0、40.0、178.6 g/d；奶类及其制品、大豆类和坚果摄入量P50均为0.0 g/d，液体摄入量P50为895.7 ml/d。49.3%（1627名）的乳母鱼禽蛋肉类的摄入量低于《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》中的推荐量；超过50%的乳母其他各类食物摄入量低于推荐量，特别是奶类及其制品、大豆类和坚果，以及液体的摄入量远低于推荐摄入量；生活在农村、文化程度为初中及以下、年人均收入15000元以下、家务或待业乳母的奶类及其制品的食用率分别为26.9%、29.4%、31.8%和33.8%，大豆类和坚果的食用率分别为33.9%、35.8%、37.5%和41.7%，均低于生活在城市（48.4%、55.0%）、文化程度为高中或中专以上（48.8%、55.7%）、年人均收入15000元及以上（45.5%、52.8%）、从事其他职业（43.7%、49.4%）乳母奶类及其制品、大豆类和坚果的食用率，P值均〈0.05。结论我国乳母产后1个月内各类食物摄入量P50均低于《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》推荐摄入量；奶豆类食物的食用率较低，尤其是农村、文化程度为初中及以下、年人均收入15000元以下和家务或待业的乳母。

Objective To assess the dietary intake status of Chinese lactating women during the first month postpartum. Methods Data were extracted from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance, children aged 0-5 years and lactating women （2013）. A total of 55 counties from 30 provinces in China （excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region） were selected using a multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method. A group of 3 623 lactating women, at 1-6 months after delivery, were investigated in the study. The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire （FFQ） was used to collect information on frequencies and amounts of food consumed. Differences in food consumption rates and dietary intake in lactating women having different characteristics were analyzed and compared. Results To eliminate abnormal values, 3 300 lactating women were included in the study. During the first month postpartum, food types with higher consumption rates were animal products （98.2%,3 239） and vegetables （90.7%,2 987）, in addition to cereals （100%） and liquids （100%）. The consumption rate of fruits was 67.4%（2 222） and the lowest consumption rate was for dairy products （38.3%, 1 262）. The median intake of cereals, vegetables, fruits and animal products were 247.8, 150.0, 40.0 and 178.6 g/d, respectively. The daily median intake of dairy products and soybean/nut products was 0.0 g/d. Overall, the lactating women consumed 895.7 ml/d liquids. About 49.3% （1 627） of the subjects consumed less than the recommended intake for animal products in Chinese Dietary Guideline （2016）. More than 50% of the lactating women consumed less than the recommended intakes for the other types of food, especially dairy, soybean/nut and liquids. The consumption rates for dairy products were 26.9%, 29.4%, 31.8% and 33.8% and those for soybean/nut products were 33.9% , 35.8% , 37.5% and 41.7% for the lactating women living in rural areas, with educations at junior high school level and below, with average family incomes under 15 000 yuan per capita in 2012 and who work as household mothers, respectively. These consumption rates for dairy and soybean/ nuts were significantly lower than those in women living in cities （48.4%, 55.0%）, with an education level of senior high school or above （48.8%, 55.7%）, with average family income over 15 000 yuan per capita in 2012 （45.5% , 52.8% ） and who work outside the home （43.7% , 49.4% ）. P values were 〈0.05 for all comparisons. Conclusion The daily intake of all foods by lactating women during the first month postpartum was lower than the levels recommended in Chinese Dietary Guideline （2016）. The consumption rate of dairy and soybean/nut products during this time period was low, especially for those living in rural areas, with education levels of junior high school and below, with average family incomes less than 15 000 yuan per capita in 2012 and who are housemothers.