孙承宗对漠南蒙古的斗争策略

Sun Chengzong's General Strategy for Monan Mongolia

天启年间,孙承宗对漠南蒙古采取"款防合一"的斗争策略,其主要内涵是:扶绥漠南蒙古十分必要;防范漠南蒙古不可松懈;对漠南蒙古应施加足够的军事威慑;防抚结合、主防而兼抚。天启、崇祯之交,在漠南蒙古各部叛明降金的形势下,孙承宗对漠南蒙古的斗争策略由之前的"款防合一"调整为"主剿慎款",该策略强调征剿叛明蒙古各部、拉拢察哈尔部、审慎对待用夷和抚款。两次督师期间孙承宗对漠南蒙古的斗争策略虽有调整变化,但本质上都是"主防而后抚"。这一策略在战争实践中发挥了重要作用,但也存有一些问题,揭示出云谲波诡的明末辽东战局中明朝与漠南蒙古、后金博弈的历史轨迹。

During Tianqi period,Sun Chengzong adopted the general strategy called ＂combination of appeasement and precaution ＂for Monan Mongolia（ the Mongolian area south of the Gobi Desert）. It mainly stated the necessity to appease and to guard against Monan Mongolia at the same time,to extend sufficient military deterrence,and to combine appeasement and precaution with emphasis on the latter. At the end of Tianqi and the beginning of Chongzhen,when Monan Mongolian tribes surrendered to the Jin Regime,Sun adjusted his strategy for Monan Mongolia,changing from ＂combination of appeasement and precaution ＂to ＂priority to conquest over appeasement ＂. It stressed the necessity to suppress the Mongolian tribes betraying the Ming government,to win over the Chahar tribe,and to be prudent in treatment and appeasement of local tribes. During the two periods when he served as the Governor,Sun adapted his strategy as the situations changed,but its essence remained the same： ＂precaution first,appeasement second ＂. This strategy played an important role in war practices,and in some way it revealed the unpredictable and ever-changing circumstances towards the end of the Ming Dynasty and the complex historical relationship between the Ming government,the Monan Mongolia and the Jin Regime.