封闭与开放:徽州古代陆路交通发展历程及空间分布特征

Closed and Open: Development and Layout of Ancient Huizhou's Land Transport

一般意义上认为,徽州地区交通以水路为主,陆路为辅。但通过地方史志和现存古道遗迹研究发现,陆路交通在徽州古代交通体系中比重较大,它不仅是徽州物质文明形成的基础,也是徽州文化形成、发展、传播的重要途径。从时间上看,徽州陆路交通起源早,先秦至隋时期是陆路交通的开创期,唐宋时期是徽州陆路交通干线网的形成期,南宋至明清时期陆路交通设施进入完善期;在空间分布上,徽州陆路交通网以徽州府歙县为中心,构成放射形的路网布局,徽州东部、北部线路较多;东南、西南以水运为主。徽州交通的这些特征既体现了行政区划和经济地理的特点,又是自然地理的反映。由于水、陆交通的逐步完善,"山"的封闭与"道路"的开放共同铸就了徽州独具特色的地域文化和灿烂的商业文明。

It is generally believed that Huizhou’s transportation was mainly dependent upon waterway transport and supplemented by landway transport. However, the study of local historical records and the remaining relics of ancient roads indicate land transport accounted for a large proportion in ancient Huizhou’s transportation system. It is not only the basis for Huizhou’s material civilization, but also an important way for the formation, development and spread of Huizhou culture. In terms of time, land transport has a long history. It was initiated from the pre-Qin period to Sui Dynasty, established its network in Tang and Song Dynasties, and improved its transportation facilities from Southern Song Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties. In terms of layout, Huizhou ’s land transport network centered around Shexian, the seat of Huizhou Prefecture and constituted a radial pattern. Eastern and northern part of Huizhou had more land transport routes while southeastern and southwestern parts were mainly dependent upon waterways. These characteristics reflect Huizhou’s administrative division, economic geography, and physical geography as well. With the increasing improvement of both land and water transport, closed“mountains” and open “roads” together shaped Huizhou’s unique regional culture and splendid commercial civilization.