汉字基础构件研究的几个问题

Study on Chinese Characters Based on Their Components

汉字基础构件是最小的、具有表音表义或区别替代功能的构字单位。基础构件系统在发展演变过程中处于半封闭状态,内部成员以传承为主,且趋于稳定,为维护汉字基本性质和汉字系统保守式发展格局奠定了坚实基础。基础构件具有形态、层级分布、功能和构字能度几方面属性,各属性既独立指称,又互相配合,既与汉字属性相关照,又是各自系统性的重要表现。汉字历时发展中,基础构件不同阶段的不同变化反映和决定着字形变异度,并推动汉字创制理念和方法创新,促进汉字系统创新发展。汉字的形体、结构和功能既有独立性,又有多变性和差异性,这些特性本质上都是通过基础构件得以表现,因此汉字构形和基础构件之间存在选择与适应问题,其结果统一于实现字形特征和功能的探索与实践。

The basic component of Chinese characters is the smallest word structure with sound and meaning, having the function of distinguishing and substituting. The system of these basic components is in a semi closed state in the process of development and evolution, the internal members give first place to inheritance, and tend to be stable, thus laying a solid foundation for maintaining the basic properties of Chinese characters and the conservative development pattern of Chinese character system. The feature of these basic components is that they have specific shapes, level distribution, function and the capacity to form characters. These features both work as independent reference and cooperate with one another, matching Chinese characters according to their attributes but acting as different systems. The diachronie development of these basic components at different stages reflects and determines the variety of the shape of the character, and it also brings about the innovative development of Chinese characters. The independent, varied and diverse form, structure and function of Chinese characters are shaped by these basic components, too. Therefore, Chinese characters and their basic components select each other and adapt to each other, which result in the unification of the shape and functions of Chinese characters.