城市居民出行市场非均衡调控机制

Disequilibrium adjustment mechanism for urban resident travel markets

为了能够在交通供求不剧烈波动且调节变量调节幅度不太大的前提下将其调控至均衡状态,解决当前普遍存在的交通供求非均衡问题,将道路网络系统视为一个经济系统,通过对出行需求方和供给方的定义,构建了城市居民出行市场。在出行市场中,针对OD对定义了出行需求函数和出行供给函数,所定义的供求函数具有共同的价格调节变量,区别于传统的交通供求函数具有不同调节变量的情况。经济学非均衡理论认为只有通过价格和数量的共同调节才能使供求关系更好地趋向于均衡状态,基于此考虑价格和数量同时对交通供求所产生的影响,构建了更加符合实际的非均衡出行市场模型。运用动态规划方法分析了价格和数量作为共同的调节变量对非均衡出行市场供求关系的调控机制,获得了相应的最优调节律并演示了不同最优调节律对交通供求的调节作用。研究结果表明:非均衡出行市场模型中交通供求函数采用了共同的价格和数量调节变量,因此可以在同一坐标体系下研究价格和数量对交通供求关系的相互调节作用;单一的最优价格调节或单一的最优数量调节均为最优价格-数量调节在极端情况下的特例;相较于单一的最优价格调节或单一的最优数量调节,通过最优价格-数量调节确实能够更好地调节交通供求关系,达到均衡状态。

To achieve the equilibrium state between traffic demand and supply on the condition that the demand and supply in traffic do not fluctuate greatly and moderators do not experience large changes,and to solve the current common disequilibrium problem in traffic demand and supply,the road network system was considered as an economic system,and the urban residents travel market was established based on the definitions of travel demand-side and supply-side.In the travel market,the definitions of travel demand function and travel supply function were proposed based on OD pair.Different from the traditional situation where the demand and supply functions have different manipulated variables,the defined functions shared the common price manipulated variable.Based on the disequilibrium theory of economics that only through the adjustments of both price and quantity,the relationship between demand and supply could tend to an equilibrium state,the impacts of both price and quantity on traffic demand and supply weretaken into consideration,and a more realistic disequilibrium travel market model was built.The adjustment mechanism of price and quantity as collective adjustment variables to the relationship between demand and supply of disequilibrium travel market was analyzed by using the dynamic programming method,the optimal adjustment laws were concluded and the effects of different optimal adjustment laws on traffic demand and supply were demonstrated.The results show that the same price and quantity adjustment variables are used in both the demand and supply functions in the disequilibrium travel market model,so the regulating effect of price and quantity on the relationship of traffic demand and supply can be investigated in the same coordinate system.The single optimal adjustments of price or quantity are both the special case of the optimal price-quantity adjustment in the extreme situations.Compared to the single optimal price adjustment or the single optimal quantity adjustment,the optimal price-quantity adjustment can truly adjust the traffic demand and supply to achieve equilibrium state.