明清曲师戏曲史地位的再认识——以南北曲曲师为考察对象

A Reexamination of the Historical Role of Qushi in Ming and Qing Dynasties:A Study on Qushi of Nanqu and Beiqu

明清曲师是戏曲发展史中极其重要的群体,他们同剧本创作、演员培养、剧本的舞台搬演、戏曲的传播交流等方面关系至密,主要表现为:剧本创作和行之舞台有赖于曲师的定谱正拍;演员的培养必须有专业曲师的指导;曲师的辗转授艺推动了戏曲传播交流。曲师以雇佣形式为戏班教戏的演员培养模式延续数百年,直到近代戏曲科班及戏校的出现才发生重大转变。对于明清曲师历史地位、贡献的重新审视,在一定程度上弥补了以往戏曲史研究的不足。

Qushi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were an extremely important group of people for the development of Xiqu. They were deeply involved in the production of scripts, actors training, staging of the plays, and the popularity of Xiqu. They were specifically responsible for finalizing the scripts and improving stage performances; they played a guiding role in the training of actors; and they contributed to the spread of Xiqu by their travels. The practice of employing Qushi as trainers for actors lasted for several hundred years until the emergence of professional acting classes and the establishment of Xiqu schools. A reexamination of the role of Qushi and their contributions provides a new perspective for research on traditional Xiqu.