1970—2000年代韩国新村运动的内涵与运作方式变迁研究

Change of the Content and Organization of Korean Saemaeul Undong from the1970s-2000s

本文探究韩国新村运动的缘起、内涵及运作方式的变迁。基于1970—2000年的历时性研究提出:第一,新村运动是从克服1960年代产业现代化带来的城乡间的收入差距并改善农村生活环境的运动开始,扩大到生产性基础设施建设、增收项目和教育事业等,同时也逐渐扩展到了城市地区;第二,1970年代的新村运动成果表现为农民收入的增加,在国家的倡导和援助下,通过以村庄为单位的自主活动收获了农村社会和物质资本积累的成果;第三,1980年代以后的新村运动转变成了以民间为中心,以全国范围、全体国民为对象的教育和意识提升事业,政府仍在经济上和技术上施以支援,城乡间的收入差距亦不大;第四,在政府支援中断的1990年代中期以后,随着农村人口高龄化和经济劳动年龄段人口大量流出,城乡间的收入差距再次拉开。为了稳定农村人口和吸引人口流入,政府主导的振兴事业仍在持续推进。

This paper examines the changing course of the Korea Saemaul Undong business and organization in growth period in the 1970s and stabilized period in the 1980s and so on, and compared income changes between rural community and urban community. The points after examining these courses are as follows. First, Saemaul Undong was began as rural community living environment improvement in order to overcome income gap between urban and rural community upon industry modernization in the 1960s, and expanded to production base facility and income projects, education projects, gradually expanding to urban areas. Second, the result of Saemaul Undong appeared with increase of farm household income, socially bringing the result that social overhead capital of rural community was built through spontaneous activity in village unit under nation＇s adjustment. Third, Saemaul Undong after the 1980s was converted to education and consciousness reform project targeting private-centered entire country and people, and the income gap between urban and rural community was not big until the mid-1990s with governmental support. Fourth, the income gap between urban and rural community is again being increased, along with aging of rural population and leak of economic population, after the mid- 1990s when government support was suspended, and individual projects of government institutions for inflow of sedentary and floating population are still under way.