从“普遍规约”到功利主义——黑尔对功利主义的导出以及在处理实际道德冲突上的困境

From “Universal Prescriptivism” to Utilitarianism——Viewing Hare's Derivation of Utilitarianism and the Difficulties on Dealing with Real Moral Conflicts

黑尔通过对道德判断的逻辑属性的分析,企图推导出具有规范性的伦理原则,借此解决实际道德冲突。他的路径是通过道德判断的"可普遍化性"推出功利主义的原则,并认为他的功利主义能够解决现实生活中所有的道德冲突。然而,这种功利主义进路却无法解决对少数人之"权利"保障的问题,亦并非是人类对"平等相待"最期待的一种解释。所以,黑尔的学说在规范伦理学层面上的突破,最终是有限的。

Hare attempted to derive ethics principle which was normative through analysis of the logical attribute of moral judgment, and used them to solve out real moral conflicts. However, this kind of utilitarianism could not figure out the guarantee of minority rights. What＇s more,it was not the most expected explanation of ＂treat everybody equally＂. So Hare＇s theory was limited even it actually made breakthrough on ethics norm. His path was to derive the principles of utilitarianism through the rule of universality. He thought his theory of utilitarianism could solve out all the moral conflicts in our daily life.