何以知而不行?——朱熹论道德失败

The Gap between Knowing and Doing——Zhu Xi's Theory on the Moral Failure

道德失败,具体到朱熹的哲学思想中,主要表现为"知而不行"。朱熹提倡"知行合一"的理想状态,但也承认现实中"知而不行"情况的存在。在朱熹看来,道德失败的原因可归结为知之不足,也即"非真知"。"真知"其实是一个包含实践性在内的概念。而常知之所以没能达到真知,是因为知、情、欲等心理要素有缺陷,易受"私"的影响,从而在面对情境时道德无力。这种道德无力是道德意志软弱的表现,意志软弱要为道德失败负首要责任,因而避免道德失败的关键在于如何克服意志软弱。

The moral failure means knowing it but not to do in Zhu Xi＇ s philosophy.Zhu Xi advocated the unity of knowledge and practice, but also acknowledged that there was knowing without doing in life.For Zhu Xi, the reason of the moral failure is the deficiency of the related knowledge, which can be called the untruth knowledge.The genuine knowledge is a concept containing practicalness.And the reason of failing to get the genuine knowledge is because of the defect in the subject, such as cognition, emotion and desire.They are easily affected by Si, and this lead to akrasia.The akrasia should be mainly responsible for the moral failure. So the key to avoid moral failure is how to conquer the akrasia.