新世纪我国生态安全面临的新态势与对策

Challenges and Strategies for China's Ecological Security in the New Era

[目的 /意义]自进入新世纪以来,持续高速经济增长、快速城镇化、资源高强度开发,以及汶川特大地震等自然灾害对生态系统带来巨大冲击和影响,这一时期也是我国生态保护与建设力度最大的时期,先后实施一系列生态保护政策与建设工程,促进了生态系统恢复,研究新时期生态问题特征及变化趋势,分析生态保护面临的问题,对完善生态保护政策与措施具有重要意义。[方法 /过程]分析我国2000—2010年主要生态问题及其变化趋势。[结果 /结论]研究发现,新世纪以来,我国生态问题开始进入转型期,农业导致的生态问题仍然严重,但开始好转;城市化导致的生态问题加剧,主要表现为:生态系统质量和服务功能低下,水土流失、土地沙化、石漠化等问题仍然严重,但面积减少与程度下降。城镇化、工业化与资源开发导致的流域生态破坏、城镇人居环境恶化、自然海岸线丧失、野生动植物自然栖息地减少等问题加剧。全国生态安全形势仍然严峻,发展与生态保护的矛盾还尖锐。为了应对生态问题的转型,保障国家生态安全,应该坚持自然恢复,提高生态系统质量与生物多样性保护,积极推进绿色城市化道路,降低城市化对区域环境的影响,加强流域生态保护与修复,提高流域生态服务功能。

[Purpose/significance] In the new century, the rapid economic growth and urban expansion, the massive natural resource exploitation and natural disasters such as the Wenchuan Earthquake have caused great impact and threats to China’s ecosystems. At the same time, China has implemented several conservation policies and ecosystem restoration projects throughout the country. It is of significance to identify the characteristics of ecological problems and their changes, and analyze the challenges in protection for improving the ecosystem conservation strategies and policies. [Method/process] The ecological problems and their changes between 2000 and 2010 were analyzed. [Result/conclusion] The results show that the ecological problems in China begin to transform from agriculture-induced ecological problems to the urbanization-reduced problems. Agricultureinduced ecological problems are still severe, but improving. The ecosystem quality and services are low. Soil erosion, land desertification and rocky desertification are still severe, but improved from 2000 to 2010. In contrast, urbanization-related ecological problems worsen, such as the watershed ecological destruction, the urban environment degradation, the natural coastline and wildlife habitat lost between 2000 and 2010. There are severe contradictions between conservation and economic development in China. The national ecological security is still facing serious challenges. In response to ecological problems transformation, China needs to strengthen biodiversity conservation and wildlife habitat restoration, adopt green urbanization to minimize the environmental impacts, and improve ecosystem services by river-shed restoration and ecologically sound management.