足迹家族的改进及其在新疆生态文明建设评价中的应用

Improvement of the Footprint Family and evaluation of ecological civilization in the Xinjiang, China

为了更好地评价和推进生态文明建设,改进足迹家族并构建生态文明建设评价指标体系,以新疆为例进行试评估。结果表明:1990-2013年新疆的生态文明建设属中等水平。其中,生态压力一直处于低水平;温室气体由低排放升为高排放;水资源从中等压力升至高压力;社会发展由低水平上升至中等。空间上,2013年克孜勒苏州、阿勒泰地区、巴音郭楞州和伊犁直属县市的生态文明建设水平高,博尔塔拉州、塔城、喀什、和田及阿克苏等地区为中等水平,乌鲁木齐市、克拉玛依市、吐鲁番地区、哈密地区和昌吉州的水平低。研究表明,制约新疆生态文明建设的主要因子是温室气体排放高和水资源压力大,节能减排和节水是今后需要努力的方向。

Faced with increasingly severe global resources depletion, environmental degradation and other ecological crisis, traditional model of development and civilization concept has become a fierce controversy. At present, the construction of ecological civilization has been proposed on an unprecedented importance, and its evaluation has become one of the spots of current research, and different evaluation systems have been developed successively. As most of the existing evaluation systems belong to multi-index comprehensive evaluation method, and the choice of evaluation indicators and assignment of the indicator weight is difficult to avoid the influence of subjective factors, the evaluation results might have poor comparability at different time and space. The Footprint Family was first proposed by Galli in 2012, which was defined as a set of indicators composed by Ecological Footprint, Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint. The method includes the basic connotation of ecological civilization construction, both environment-friendly and resource-saving society, and is less influenced by subjective factors compared with most of the current evaluation index systems. The deficiency of this method is the lack of the following such as subdivision index, comprehensive index and evaluation divided standards, especially is the lack of the social development index. The authors referred to the Human Development Index as a Social Footprint, constructed the evaluation index system of ecological civilization construction based on the Footprint Family, and took Xinjiang as an example to evaluate the ecological civilization construction. The results indicated that, from 1990 to 2013, the ecological civilization construction level of Xinjiang had a medium grade. The indicators composed of ecological civilization construction such as ecological pressure was a low level, GHG emission increased from a low to a high level, water pressure increased from a medium to a high level, and social development level increased from a low to an intermediate level. In 2013, ecological pressure was high in Urumqi, medium in Karamay, and low in other regions. GHG emission level was high in Urumqi, Karamay, Changji, Turpan and Kumul, medium in Bayingolin, Aksu and Tarbagatay Prefecture, and low in other regions. Water pressure was high in Urumqi, Karamay, Turpan, Kumul and the vast majority of regions, medium in Ili, Altay Prefecture and Bayingolin, and low in Kizilsu. The human society development level was high in Karamay, Bayingolin, Urumqi, Changji and Kumul, and medium in other regions. Ecological civilization was high in Kizilsu, Altay Prefecture, Bayingolin and Ili, medium in Bortala, Tarbagatay Prefecture, Kashgar, Hotan and Aksu, and low in Urumqi, Karamay, Turpan, Kumul and Changji, respectively. It is indicated that key factors that restricted ecological civilization in Xinjiang were GHG emissions and water shortage. Energy saving, emissions reduction and water savings are corresponding measures for ecological civilization construction in the future.