成都西南郊区春季PM_(2.5)中元素特征及重金属潜在生态风险评价

Characteristics of Elements and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM_(2.5) at the Southwest Suburb of Chengdu in Spring

于2012年和2014年春季在成都西南郊区采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用重量法测定PM_(2.5)的浓度,利用X射线荧光光谱法测定PM_(2.5)中24种元素的质量浓度,运用地累积指数法和富集因子法分别讨论了PM_(2.5)中元素的污染特征、富集程度及来源,并用潜在生态风险指数法对PM_(2.5)中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,成都西南郊区春季PM_(2.5)的质量浓度处于相对较高的水平;PM_(2.5)中元素组成特征表现为K和S的质量分数最高,Ga、Cs、Co、Cd、V的质量分数最低.国内外典型城市比较发现,不同城市PM_(2.5)中元素质量浓度水平存在较大差异.地累积指数结果表明,PM_(2.5)中As、Br、S、Cd、Se、Pb、Cl和Zn污染程度较严重.富集因子分析表明,PM_(2.5)中Se、Cd为超富集,As、Br、Cl、Pb、Zn、S为高度富集,Cu、Cs、Ni、Ga、Co为中度富集,这些元素主要受人为污染影响,受自然源的影响很小;Cr、Mn、Ca、V为轻度富集,受自然源和人为源的共同作用;Na、Ti、Al、Si和Mg为基本无富集或微量富集,主要来自于土壤尘或扬尘源.潜在生态危害指数法评价显示,PM_(2.5)中重金属单因子潜在生态危害程度大小为Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni>Co>Cr>Mn>V>Ti,重金属联合的潜在生态风险为极强,Cd是多种重金属联合的潜在生态风险指数中的主要贡献因子.

PM25 samples were collected at the southwest suburb of Chengdu in spring （in May 2012 and 2014）. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were determined by the weight method, and 24 chemical elements in PM2.5 were analyzed by XRF. To study the pollution characteristics and sources of chemical elements, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in PM2.5 , the Geo- accumulation Index, Enrichment Factor, and Potential Ecological Risk Index methods were applied, respectively. The results indicated that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 in spring at the southwest suburb of Chengdu were very high, compared with American EPA＇s Standard and National Standard level-Ⅱ The detection of chemical element composition in PM2.5 showed that K and S were the main elements, whereas the contents of Ga, Cs, Co, Cd, and V were the lowest. The differences of elemental concentrations in PM2.5 showed relatively large differences, when compared with domestic and foreign representative cities. Se, Cd, As, Br, S, Pb, Cl and Zn were present at an extremely high level of geo-accumulation degree, which revealed that the pollution coming from human activities was serious. The analysis results of enrichment factor showed that Se, Cd, As, Br, Cl, Pb, Zn and S elements were highly enriched or hyper accumulated, Cu, Cs, Ni, Ga and Co elements were moderately enriched, and they were mainly from human activities rather than soil dust. Cr, Mn, Ca and V elements were mildly enriched, and they were from both natural sources and human activities. Na, Ti, Al, Si and Mg elements were scarcely enriched, and they were mainly from natural sources. The ecological risk assessment of heavy metals showed that the order of potential ecological risk inedx of heavy metals in PM2.5 was Cd 〉 As 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Ni 〉 Co 〉 Cr 〉 Mn 〉 V 〉 Ti, while the ecological harm degree of Cd was extremely strong, and the whole potential ecological risk degree was very strong.