土地经营权的性质研究——基于土地经营权抵押贷款规范性文件的分析

Research on Nature of Land Management Right: Base on Analysis of Normative Documents of Land Management Right Mortgage Loan

研究目的:明确农村土地"三权分置"中土地经营权的性质。研究方法:采用文献分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果:(1)土地经营权抵押贷款实践中的农村土地权利结构逻辑各不相同。不同的农村土地权利结构直接影响土地经营权的性质。(2)农村土地"三权分置"是将土地承包经营权分置为土地承包权和土地经营权,从而采用"土地所有权——土地承包权——土地经营权"的农村土地权利结构。土地经营权将取代土地承包经营权,成为法定的用益物权。(3)土地经营权人既可以是通过家庭承包方式取得土地经营权的农户,也可以是通过转让、互换或者入股等流转方式获得土地经营权的新型农业经营主体。在期限届满之前,土地经营权应当独立于土地承包权存在,土地承包权消灭与否对土地经营权不产生影响。研究结论:明确土地经营权属于用益物权,才能解决土地经营权抵押贷款实践的疑难问题,从而促进土地经营权有序流转。

The purpose of this paper is to define the nature of land management right against the background of three rights separation of rural land. The study has methodologically adopted document analysis, induction and deduction. Results are as follows： 1）The rural land right structures varies in the practice of land management right mortgage loan. The various rural land right structures affect the nature of land management right. 2）The land contract right and land management right are separated from land contract and management right, given the background of three rights separation of rural land. The rural land right structure should be ‘land ownership, land contract right, land management right＇. The land contract and management right will be replaced by land management right, which will become usufructuary right. 3）The holder of land management right includes farmers and new agricultural management entities. The farmers obtain land management right in a form of household contract. The new agricultural management entities obtain land management right by transfer, exchange or share of land management right. The land management right should be independent from land contract right before expiration of period. The land management right will not be affected regardless of the existence of land contract right. The conclusion is that land management right should be usufructuary right, which could solve difficult problems in the land management right mortgage loan and could conform to the orderly transfer of land management right.