贤君抑或制度:诸子选贤思想中的根源性保障

A Capable and Wise Monarch or an Institutional System—The Root Assurance in Views of Scholars of Various Schools on the Selection of Moralists and Talents

在选贤问题上,《吕氏春秋》主张以贤君来保障得贤,这与儒、墨呈现出一致性,但操作上的难度也彰显了其中弊端。与此不同,韩非则力图规避君主个人因素对选贤结果的影响,转而寻求一种法、术结合的制度运作。"贤不世出"为战国共识,诸子的不同理解以及对困难程度的预判影响了各自政治理论的走向。《吕氏春秋》片面乐观的认识,以及将其归因于"君主不知",使其始终围绕君主展开理论建构。韩非则一开始就将矛头对准了世袭制下的君主,这促使他去寻求一种客观的制度运作。而《吕氏春秋》对贤者标准神秘、难知的认识否定了制度建构的可能。

On the selection of moralists and talents,Lu＇s Spring and Autumn Annals advocated the assurance of selecting moralists and talents by means of capable and wise sovereigns,which,though compatible with the principles of Confucianism and Mohism,still embraces some drawbacks in its operation. In contrast,Han Fei tried to evade the impact of monarchs＇ individual factors on selecting moralists and talents,thus turning to seek an objective system integrating operations of laws and tactics. As it was a consensus among Warring States that ＂moralists and talents are disinterested in worldly affairs＂,different comprehension and various anticipation of the degree of hardship on the part of scholars from various schools of thought did influence the trend of their respective political theory. The one-sided and optimistic understanding and its attributions to the ＂ignorance of monarchs＂made Lu＇s Spring and Autumn Annals always expand its theoretical construction by centering on monarchs; while Han Fei spearheaded from the start at monarchy under the hereditary system,which prompted him to seek an objective system operation. On the other hand,the mysterious and obscure understanding of standards for moralists and talents in Lu＇s Spring and Autumn Annals has negated the possibility of system construction.