我国学前教育政策工具选择的演变分析

On the Evolution of Policy Tools' Selection in Chinese Preschool Education

政策工具是政府为解决社会公共问题或达成一定政策目标而采用的方式或手段,选择与使用适切的政策工具是政策执行的重要环节,对政策执行的效果有着直接而重要的影响。本研究基于学前教育发展的历史背景及特点,采用麦克唐纳尔和埃尔莫尔的政策工具分析框架,对1985年《中共中央关于教育体制改革的决定》颁布以来的学前教育政策工具进行文本梳理和分析,将学前教育政策工具的演变划分为三个时期,并对每个时期选择的政策工具类型及其对我国学前教育事业发展的重要影响进行了深刻解析,结果发现我国学前教育政策工具选择表现出综合化但缺乏系统科学的组合配置、过度使用命令型工具、报酬和劝告型政策工具使用不足、政策工具选择缺乏长远效益考虑等特点。政府选择的偏好、政策工具自身的特点以及经济投入的局限性是影响我国学前教育政策工具选择的主要因素。未来学前教育政策工具的选择应重视与政策问题的性质相匹配,并根据政策执行的效果及时调整政策工具的类型;合理利用命令性工具,优化政策工具之间的合力;顺应时代发展需要,积极引进信息化工具、志愿型工具等新政策工具,提高公众参与度和政策执行效度。

Policy tools are the means adopted by the government to solve social problems or achieve certain policy objectives. Choosing and using appropriate policy tools is an important part of policy implementation, which affects the effectiveness of policy implementation. Based on the development history of preschool education in China, this paper employed McDonnell and Elmore＇s theory to analyze the policy instruments of preschool education taken by the central government since 1985. The evolution process can be divided into three periods. Although the government selected and used different types of policy tools in each period, there were some common characteristics of her selection, including low degree of system combination, exceed use of authority tool, and lacking of long-term benefits consideration. The selection preferences of the government, the limitation of economic input and the characteristics of policy tools were the main factors influencing the preschool education policy tools＇ selection in China. In the future, the choice of tools should match with the policy issues and be adjusted timely according to the effects of policy implementation. The government should make use of authority tool rationally and optimize the combination of dif- ferent policy tools, and introduce new policy tools actively according to the needs of the new times.