甘肃泾川出土5件佛教造像彩绘分析及相关研究

A study of five polychrome buddhist statues unearthed in Jingchuan County,Gansu province

运用显微观察、荧光拍照、偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜能谱分析手段,对#87北魏造像碑、#99隋代佛头、#54宋代残破佛头和2件泥塑佛像残块表面彩绘进行研究。结果显示,北魏和隋代造像红色为朱砂,绿色为石绿,白色为方解石;隋代造像面部肉色为硫酸铅和朱砂的混合物,眼黑为炭黑;宋代造像表面红色为铁红,白色为方解石;泥塑残块#1表面蓝色为石青和石绿的混合物,#2表面为朱砂,判断其制作年代不晚于唐代中期。白灰层主要成分为碳酸钙,并具有亮白色荧光反应,与碳酸钙粉末混合有机胶制成白灰层的荧光反应一致,判断古代样品白灰层中可能存在有机胶结质。在元素分析过程中,铅(Pb)一直存在,而在物相分析中并没有发现Pb的化合物。同样问题在早期关中出土墓葬壁画分析中同样存在,是否与彩绘工艺本身有关,值得引起关注。

By using photomicrograph imaging, UV imaging, polarized light microscopy, X- ray fluorescence （XRF）, X- ray powder diffraction （XRD）, as well as scanning electron microscopy with X- ray microanalysis （SEM- EDS）, ancient pigment samples taken from the Buddha statues unearthed in Jingchuan County, Gansu Province were analyzed. The samples came from Northern Wei Status （#87）, a Sui dynasty Buddha head （#99）, a Song Dynasty Buddha head （#54） and two fragmented Buddha statues. Results show that cinnabar was used on the Northern Wei and Sui Dynasty objects, while iron oxide red was used on the statue dated to the Song dynasty; malachite was used as the green pigment on statues dated to the Northern Wei and Sui dynasties. The white pigment was calcium carbonate. Carbon black was used to paint eyes. With regard to identified pigments from the fragmented statue, it is concluded that its manufacturing period is not later than the middle of the Tang dynasty. UV fluorescence in the white substrate layer indicated the possible existence of an organic binder. As for elemental analysis, lead was extensively detected by XRF and EDS. However, no lead based pigments were found by XRD. The same result was reported in an earlier study of wall - paintings excavated in Guanzhong. Whether the lead is related to the polychrome technique is still a question and requires more investigation.