郑州商城遗址出土夯土材料的分析研究

Studies of rammed earthen foundations from the archaeological site of the Shang city at Zhengzhou

利用体视显微镜、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪、激光粒度分析仪、湿化学分析等手段分析了郑州商城建筑遗址夯土材料的传统工艺、物质结构和原料配比等信息。研究发现:该夯土层可分为上下两层,表层是夯筑灰土,下层是夯筑素土。夯筑灰土主要由两种物质构成,胶结材料碳酸钙和石英骨料,胶结物系由人工烧制的石灰制备而成,其和骨料的质量比为1∶2.68。表明郑州商城遗址出土的夯筑灰土材料是二元的"三合土"结构,其比例非常接近明代灰、黄土、河砂1∶1∶1的三合土配比。说明当时施工者在胶结材料石灰与石英砂骨料的使用上已经具有一定经验,体现了商代工匠高超的建筑技艺。

In this paper, stereo microscopy, polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X- ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analysis and wet chemical analysis were used to characterize the rammed earthen foundation unearthed in the Shang city at Zhengzhou. The research suggests that： the rammed earthen foundation has two layers： an upper and a lower layer. The upper layer contains rammed lime - earth and the lower is rammed bare earth. The rammed lime - earth （upper） layer has man - made calcium carbonate as a binding material and sand as aggregated material. The binding/aggregate ratio is 1 ： 2.68. These results show that the rammed lime - earth is a sort of concrete soil composed of calcium carbonate and quartz. The B/A ration is close to that of the Ming Dynasty one （ lime/earth/sand 1 ： 1 ： 1 ）. This suggested that craftsmen of the Shang Dynasty had some excellent architectural skills.