黑龙江省畜禽养殖量时空分布特征及耕地污染负荷分析

Spatial and temporal distribution features of livestock and poultry production and pollution load of cultivated land in Heilongjiang Province

随黑龙江省畜禽养殖量快速增加,畜禽粪尿无害化、资源化利用及其对环境风险评价引起关注。文章利用统计资料和文献数据,计算近35年黑龙江省畜禽养殖数量、排泄物及其污染物产生量变化,从时空维度评价该地区畜禽粪尿资源的环境风险。以当量猪计算,黑龙江省畜禽养殖总量由1980年2 363.17万头上升至2014年10 641.78万头,粪尿产生量由2.18×107t上升至7.75×107t,增幅达2.56倍,粪尿总氮和总磷排放量分别为1980年3.24和3.79倍。空间分布上,黑龙江东部、中部及北部大兴安岭地区畜禽养殖量最低,西部松嫩平原地区畜禽养殖量约为东部三江平原4.5倍;畜禽粪尿总量及总氮、总磷产生量在地理学上也呈由东向西、自边界向内陆逐渐增大特点。黑龙江省畜禽养殖量及粪尿排放量空间分布极不平衡,但畜禽排泄物耕地负荷并未对环境产生负面影响。

With the livestock and poult industry rapidly increasing, people are getting focused on harmless utilization of livestock and poultry manure and its environment risks evaluation. Here, we calculated the amount of livestock and poultry and the changes of relative manure for nearly 35 years, and then evaluated the environment risks of livestock and poultry manure on a systematic and quantitative analysis onthe temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Heilongjiang Province using statistical data and reference. The total animal manure production increased from 2.36x 10^7 heads in 1980 to 10.64 x 10^7 heads in 2014 in Heilongjiang Province, according to the calculation of equivalent pig. The amount of excrement increased from 2.18 x 10^7 t to 7.75 x 10^7 t by 2.56 times. The excretion of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was 3.24 and 3.79 times that of 1980, respectively. From the spatial dimension, the amount of livestock and poultry was the lowest distdbuted in the eastern, middle and northern parts, and the Daxing＇anling region of Heilongjiang Province. In terms of amount of livestock and poultry, the Songnen Plain was about 4.5 times that of Sanjiang Plain. In general, amount of livestock and poultry productions and manure nitrogen and manure phosphorus showed the characteristics of increasing from east to west and from border to inland in geography, which was caused by the difference of regional specialization in livestock and poultry production and related policies. Although the amount of livestock and poultry and excrement were extremely unevenly distributed, but nutrients load of animal manure does not have a negative impact on the environment in Heilongjiang Province.