动机的神经机制

Neural mechanisms of motivation

教育神经科学作为一门新兴的跨学科领域,能够让教育学者从大脑皮质活动的角度来分析学生的各种心理以及行为的神经机制。把基于神经活动的科学证据与传统的教育学研究方法相结合能够帮助教育学者更全面而准确地分析学生在学习过程中可能会经历的各种心理现象,以实现促进学生学习发展的最终目标。通过审阅分析神经科学的相关文献,系统地分析了与动机相关的神经机制。针对动机的诱发、完成和维持这三大阶段,着重讨论了与之紧密联系的奖赏、能力、价值、目标和自我调节等相关动机概念;并分析了与这些动机概念相联系的腹侧纹状体、内侧前额叶皮质、眶额叶皮质、前扣带皮质和背外侧前额叶皮质等脑组织结构。将动机现象细分为奖赏导向的动机诱发过程、能力和价值判断导向的动机完成过程以及目标导向认知控制为基础的动机维持过程逐一加以阐述,并探讨了研究动机的神经机制对教育学的启示。

Educational neuroscience is a new interdisciplinary field and its aim is to link brain research with traditional education research. It enables educators to capture neural mechanism underlying diverse learning processes. Educational neuroscience can help educators to understand students, psychological processes in the learning context more comprehensively and to ultimately design an optimal learning environment. In this paper, the neural mechanism of motivation process is reviewed in terms of three sub processes, namely reward-driven stimulation process, competence and value based generating process, and goal directed cognitive control based maintenance process. Based on these three processes, several closely related concepts including reward, competence, value, goal, and cognitive control are discussed. Several key motivation-relevant brain structures are highlighted, such as ventral striatum, media prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The educational implication of exploring the neural mechanisms of motivation is also discussed.