孙奇逢与颜元、费密学术关系之探讨——以对知行合一的探索为中心

Discussion on the Academic Relationship of Yan Yuan and Fei Mi——Centering on Explorations of the Unity of Knowledge and Action

由于理想与现实、价值理性与工具理性的矛盾,如何在内圣外王层面知行合一成为明清之际儒学的时代课题。清初,孙奇逢在儒学体系内严格圣人标准,拉出孔子来会通程朱陆王,把知行关系细化为寻、行"孔子之道",以其回归、重释孔孟经典来整合理学各派的内圣思想和在"舍三纲五常无道术"基础上"礼理合一"的外王实践为之弥合。颜元在孙奇逢基础上,在圣人取舍上采取更加严格态度,只承认周公孔子圣人品格而剔除三代后儒学各派领军,以寻、行"周孔正道"为旗帜,回归于三代圣王及孔子,熔铸"三事六府"、六艺实学、文武等资源。费密把孙奇逢寻、行"孔子之道"细化与重构为寻、行"中实之道",建构"道统""道脉",批判宋明理学重视汉唐儒学,致力王道政治。颜元、费密探索是对孙奇逢学术推进的不同路向,由于根植于清初不同学术生态,有不同命运。

Because of the contradictions among ideal,reality and value rationality,the problems of how to unite knowledge and action based on ＂inner sage and outer king＂become the issue of the epoch. In Early Qing dynasty,Sun Qifeng strict saint criteria under Confucian system,took Confucius to integrate with both Cheng- Zhu School and Lu- Wang School,and then refined relationship between practice and knowledge into searching and practicing＂Confucian Ways＂. He supplemented it with his new Neo- Confucianism thoughts. Based on Sun Qifeng＇s works,Yan Yuan took a more critical attitude towards choosing saint. He mere admitted Zhou Gong and Confucius＇ s Saint Character and rejected all kinds of Confucian leaders after three generations. Under the banner of searching and practicing Zhou＇s and Confucian right way,he returned to the three generations of king and Confucius,integrated resources like the classical bureaucratic establishment and six arts,civilandmilitary. Fei Mi refined and reconstituted Sun Fengqi＇s efforts into researching and practicing ＂The way of implementing＂,constructed ＂Confucian orthodoxy＂and ＂Confucian vein＂,criticized Song- Ming Confucianism and advocating Han- Tang Confucianism,aim to kingly way politics. Yan Yuan and Fei Mi＇s exploration were different ways to Sun Qifeng＇s academic efforts. They appeared different destiny because of their different academic ecology.