“三家”“三老家”:文斗苗寨宗族的生成与扩展——对“清水江文书”相关契约的考察

Study on the Rise and Development of Miao People's Clan in Wendou Village by Exploring Sanjiaand Sanlaojia:Based on the Qingshuijiang Documents

利用民间契约文书,可以复制一个宗族从初始到形成的整个生命历程。锦屏县文斗寨是清水江中游一个声名远播的苗族村寨,其中,冉皆腊姜氏家族中的"三老家"更是声望卓著。但除遗存下来的上千件契约文书外,没有任何这个家族及三老家的历史记载。经对契约文书的梳理研究,可以再现冉皆腊姜氏家族及三老家的成长史,并对其历史过程有如下认识:冉皆腊的姜氏家族肇始于康熙乾隆时期,成型于嘉庆道光间直至民国时期;"三老家"从结构上看,是由姜氏宗族内三个特定家庭成员各派一代表的组合。从职能上看,它担负起代表宗族对族产——山林的经营与管理。又因构成人员双重身份实际上是一个游离于宗族之外的特殊宗族组织。三老家产生及导致其特殊现象的原因在于乾隆以来的林业经济的兴盛。

A whole development process of clan from the rise to the formation can be analyzed by in- vestigating the local documents. Wendou village in Jinping County was one of the most famous Miao people＇ s villages in the middle part of the Qingshuijiang River, and in this village, Sanlaojia in Jiang Clan of the Ranjiela was the most famous one. No other historic records about the clan and the Sanlao- jia were kept except the more than one thousand inherited documents. By researching on the docu- ments, we can understand the development of the Jiang Clan and the Sanlaojia of the Ranjiela, and we think that Jiang Clan originated from the Kangxi and Qianlong periods and shaped from the Jiaqing to Daoguang period till the Republic of China ; Sanlaojia consisted of three representatives respectively from the three special families of Jiang Clan, and took responsibility on behalf of the clan for the man- agement of the forest which was the clan＇s property. In view of the member＇s dual identity, we think that Sanlaojia actually was a special clan organization outside the Jiang Clan. The main reason for the origin and special role of the Sanlaojia resulted from the prosperity of the forest industry since the Qianlong period.