现代启蒙主体的古典还原

The Classical Origin of Modern Enlightenment Subjects

《启蒙辩证法》用现代主体性、工具理性、利益交换原则解释荷马史诗,弱化神启的作用,凸显人理性抉择的地位,甚至视奥德修斯为现代资产阶级的原型;强调悲愁、恐惧的情感,以及基于此而采取的愤怒、杀戮,展示负面情感与主体性的不可分割;还强调古典主体与自然的和解关系,使得《启蒙辩证法》把启蒙批判延伸到西方文明之初的古希腊神话的策略,既具有过度解读古典的嫌疑,使解读具有明显的现代色彩;但这样也同时对保持着古典特色的古典主体表达了一种敬意,显示古典主体比现代资产阶级更可爱、更真实、更有希望的一面。仅仅批评《启蒙辩证法》以现代逻辑注解古典精神是偏颇的,还应看到这种策略具有回到原初、呈现本真、凸显现代弊端的积极意味。把启蒙主体追溯到奥德修斯具有一定的积极意义。

Dialectics of Enlightenment uses modern subjectivity, tool rationality, and interest exchange principles to interpret Homer＇s epics. It diminishes the role of gods but highlights rational choices of humans, and even takes Odysseus as the prototype of modern bourgeoisie. It emphasizes sadness and fear, and anger and slaughter out of these feelings, revealing negative emotions and subjectivity are inseparable. Besides, it stresses reconciliation between the classical subject and nature. Through this interpretation, Dialectics of Enlightenment extends enlightenment criticism to the strategies of ancient Greek mythologies at the beginning of Western civilization, which can be suspected as over-interpreting the classics and obviously make the interpretation quite modern, and at the same time pays homage to the classical subject of classical characteristics, revealing the classical subject is more lovely, real and hopeful than modern bourgeoisie. It is biased only to criticize Dialectics of Enlightenment for using modern logic to interpret classic spirit. We should also see the positive sides of this strategy： it returns to the original state, presents the real look of human life, and highlights ills of modern civilization. It is of positive significance to trace the enlightenment subject to Odysseus.