欧洲儿童森林环境教育模式研究

Mode of Forest Environmental Education for Children in Europe

党的十八大报告将"生态文明"提升为国家发展战略,并指出生态文化的宣传是需要从"娃娃、青少年、家庭"抓起。尽管我国对森林资源的利用已经从"种树"、"砍树"发展到"看树"的转变,但是民众与森林仍然存在巨大的距离感。如何发挥森林环境资源优势,让民众特别是儿童融入森林的研究是当前国内旅游环境教育的热点。本文在对英国、丹麦、德国、挪威等国家儿童森林环境教育研究文献整理的基础上,解读了欧洲森林环境教育的发展历程与重要节点性事件,如《日托机构法》、《户外学习宣言》等,从主动-被动参与森林环境教育程度,提出了户外游憩、森林学校、森林幼儿园、环境解说四种教育模式,并就其基本特征、影响因素、优势与不足等特点进行了总结。最后,就我国实际情况提出建立法律法规,创建"森林课堂"品牌与构建儿童户外科普游戏库等建议。

The report of the Eighteenth National Congress enhances the ‘ecological civilization＇ as a national development strategy, also pointing out that the promotion of ecological culture needs to start from ＇the children, youth, and family＇. Although the use of forest resources has changed from ‘planting trees＇ and ‘harvesting trees＇ to ‘enjoying trees＇ , there is still a long distance between people and forests. How to maximize the environmental advantages of forest resources, and involve the people, especially the children, into the forest-related study are focuses in the domestic environmental education currently. Based on the literatures of children forest environmental education in Britain, Denmark, Germany, Norway and other countries, the paper studies the process and hallmark events, such as Daycare Institution rule and Outdoor Learning Manifesto, puts forward four kinds of forest environmental education models from outdoor recreation, forest school, forest kindergartens to environmental interpretation, based on the active-passive participation continuum, and also analyzes the their characteristics, factors, strengths and weakness of. Finally, the paper proposes that the laws and regulations should be established according to the actual situation of China, the grand of ‘forest classroom＇ and the construction of children＇ s outdoor science-popularized game library are supposed to be promoted and so on.