农地产权变迁中的结构细分与“三权分置”改革

Structure Subdivision in the Change of Farmland Property Rights and “Three Rights Division” reform

农地产权的结构细分构成了改革开放以来地权配置变动的典型特征。可以从农地使用权、收益权和处分权三项权利之间和各自内部的行为特征差异角度,划分这一特征的总体阶段以及每一阶段的具体内容。而在现代农业发展的背景之下,当前农地"三权分置"的改革在地权变动的角度,具有结构细分的特征内涵:其中农地经营权与承包权的分置,具有农地使用权细分的内容,为保证其有效性需要保障农户家庭在农地要素使用中的主体经营地位;另外,分置之后的农地经营权活化,则具有农地处分权细分的内容,为保证其有效性,需要注意农地要素不同市场类别之间的相互关联,即农地处分方式的选择问题,尤其是农地流转中债权与物权方式的差异会影响农地抵押的实现效果。最后,文章围绕"如何实现农地产权结构后续的有效配置?"主题,提出了相应的政策建议。

Structural subdivision of farmland property rights constituted the typical characteristics of land allocation changes since reform and opening-up. Research might start from behavior differences in and among the three rights, including land use right, income right and disposition right, and then divide the overall stage of structural subdivision and the specific content of each phase. Under the background of modern agriculture development, farmland reform of ＂three rights division＂showed a characteristic of structural subdivision from the perspective of land ownership changes. Concretely, the policy content of farmland management right had the characteristics of land use rights subdivision. In order to ensure its effectiveness, it was necessary to ensure the main operating status of farmers when using farmland factors. In addition, the policy content of land management right activation had the characteristics of land dispose right subdivision. In order to ensure its effectiveness, high attention should be paid to the relationship between different market types of farmland factors. Specifically, we should focus more on the choice of farmland disposal mode, especially the differences between land creditor＇s rights and real rights in farmland transfer that would affect the effects of land mortgage realization. Finally, this paper puts forward policy suggestions toward the main point, that is, ＂How to realize the effective allocation of farmland property rights structure？＂.