美国有罪答辩的事实基础制度对我国的启示

Factual Basis of the Guilty Plea and its Inspiration to China

为防止无辜被告人被定罪,美国有罪答辩制度不仅要求被告人做有罪答辩应出于自愿、理智、明知,而且要求有罪答辩必须具备事实基础,但对事实基础的审查无需采用对抗制方式,其证明程度也无需达到审判定罪的要求。这充分体现了有罪答辩制度为尽量平衡公正价值与效率价值所作出的努力。我国认罪认罚从宽制度也将法院的判决建立在被告人认罪的基础之上。为保证有罪判决的正确性,需要建立相应的确保被告人认罪真实性的保障机制,包括区分被告人认罪审查程序和量刑程序、在自愿性和明知性要求之外增加被告人认罪需具备事实基础的要求、对认罪事实基础的审查需要达到排除合理怀疑的心证程度、赋予被告人撤回认罪或者提起上诉的权利等。

As the cornerstone of the U. S. criminal justice,guilty plea is not only voluntary,reasonable and intelligent,but also has factual basis. However,for the efficiency value of guilty plea,the way of reviewing the factual basis may not be adversary and the standard of proof necessary for the establishment of an adequate factual basis stand may not be beyond the reasonable doubt. The leniency system of guilty plea in China also puts the conviction on the defendants' admission of crimes. The accuracy of the conviction requires constructing a protection mechanism to guarantee the objectivity of the admission. The mechanism includes distinguishing the reviewing process and the sentencing process,establishing the factual basis besides voluntary and intelligent requirement,reaching the proof standard of beyond reasonable doubt,empowering the defendant the right to withdraw the plea or to appeal to a higher court,and so on.