错案责任追究及其障碍性因素

Accountability Penalty for Misjudged Cases and its Obstacles

我国当代司法制度中的办案责任制,为司法机关自己量身打造,对追究司法人员的错案责任提供了依据。办案人员违法行为导致错案,尽管有错案追究制乃至终身追究制的喧天宣示,实际上被追究的并不多。司法实践中存在两种截然相反的倾向,需要加以矫正:一是责任追究泛化,只要案件错了,不问司法人员有无过错,一概加以追责,使得属于认识上的错误也被追责,强化了司法人员的畏葸心理;二是另一种意义上的"责任泛化",即司法集体操作模式造成难以追究个人责任。对于前一种司法责任泛化,须将办案责任限定为两个方面:一是故意为之,二是显有疏失,仅属于认识、判断上的错误而不存在其他过错的,不追究司法人员的责任。对于后一种意义的司法责任泛化,要扭转之,需要将司法权下放给承办案件的司法人员。此外,部门利益和本位思考也是责任制难以落实的原因。本文探讨错案责任落实中存在的障碍性因素,包括全民为错案买单,国家赔偿法关于向责任人追偿的制度并未得到落实的现象。

The current judicial accountability system in China provides legal basis for the accountability penalty of misjudged cases. There are two types of wrong practice that need to be corrected. One is pursuing accountability penalty too much and mistaking cognitional disagreements as judicial flaws,making judicial personnel afraid; the other is doing judicial work as a group and avoiding bearing individual accountability. For the first type of wrong practice,the judicial accountability should only be applied to cases where the judicial personnel made a mistake intentionally or out of obvious negligence. For the second type of wrong practice,the judicial authority should be allocated to the individual who really deal with the case. In addition,the accountability system is hard to implement also because the department only thinks of its own benefits under its own shoes. This article will mention the obstructive factors of accountability investigation,talking about how Chinese people are buying for the wrong cases,and how the State Compensation Law fails to support the accountability penalty.