我国乡村社区营造的规划师等第三方主体的行为策略——以江苏省句容市茅山陈庄为例

Behavioral Strategies of the Third-Party in Rural Community Building:A Case Study of Chenzhuang in Maoshan Mountain Scenic Area

在各地积极探索城乡统筹发展道路的背景下,各类旨在复兴乡村发展活力并以社区营造为核心的新"乡建"试验兴起。以江苏句容市茅山陈庄的社区营造过程为例,在剖析乡镇政府和村民对乡村改造态度和参与特征的基础上,探讨规划师等第三方主体的应对策略。研究发现,社区营造既面临着村民有强烈参与需求却缺乏地方政府自上而下的"赋权"与支持的问题;又面临着村民在个体有利可图的参与过程中过度追求个体利益、出现不遵守参与规则等无序参与问题以及在乡村公共事务上参与不足两者并存的困境。因而,乡村社区营造既需要第三方(规划师)改变以往的技术精英的角色定位,通过信息赋权和教育赋权建立有效的社区参与工作机制,增强社区对于乡村建设过程的影响力,并构建起政府、村民和第三方主体三者协同配合的机制;更要求第三方赋予村民参与乡村建设的责任,建立整合集成的工作机制,整合社区需求、协调与引导村民参与行为,并通过资源供给协助社区实现改进项目。尽管非政府组织的广泛介入可能代替政府的部分作用,乡村社区营造依旧离不开地方政府的支持和配合,需要政府、社区村民与第三方力量形成协同效应。

This paper takes the process of community building in Chenzhaang, Maoshan Mountain Scenic Area as the empirical case study and makes an analysis of attitudes and participative behaviors of local government, villagers and third-party. It is found that local government shows amphibolous attitude to community participation and does not empower local community. However, local villagers have a strong participation demand and their behavioral strategies show their motives of seeking short-term profits.They often break rules to overly pursue individual interests while showing no interest in community public affairs, which may be unprofitable. Under the circumstances, third-party should change their traditional roles of technical elite and provide technical advisory services, information, skill training and resource to local community to build up community participation mechanism which is expected to enhance community impact on decision making. Besides, it is important for the third-party to help to set up mutual information exchange and coordinating mechanism between local government and villagers. At last, third-party has to make an integration of community needs and guide the villagers＇ behavior. Although the third-party could partly replace the role of local government, community building is hard to achieve success without support of local government. Therefore, community building should create synergies among local government, community and the third-party.