基于植物多样性恢复和保护的石漠化土地整理模式——以贵州撒拉溪和花江示范区为例

The model of karst land management based on plant diversity restoration and protection:Examples from Salaxi and Huajiang areas of Guizhou

本文选取贵州毕节撒拉溪与关岭-贞丰花江示范区为研究对象,通过植物多样性和土地利用调查,掌握示范区植物种类、分布状况和生长特性,土地利用状况以及土地整理程度,选育植物先锋物种,结合模式构建的理论依据和边界条件,根据石漠化土地整理工程分区治理方法,在生态型土地整理技术体系的指导下,针对两个示范区具体情况分别提出温凉喀斯特高原山地潜在-轻度石漠化土地整理与混农林业复合经营模式和干热喀斯特高原峡谷中-强度石漠化土地整理与特色经果林集约经营模式。结果表明:(1)植物多样性本底调查是基于植物多样性恢复与保护的石漠化土地整理的基础,项目实施后还应对植物多样性进行动态监测。(2)土地整理规划设计应融入生态理念,构建基于植物多样性恢复和保护的石漠化土地整理模式,有助于生态修复和重建脆弱生态环境:2011-2014年期间,毕节撒拉溪示范区植被覆盖率上升8.51%,无石漠化面积扩大22.53hm^2;关岭-贞丰花江示范区植被覆盖率上升4.47%,无石漠化面积扩大13.2hm^2。(3)模式的构建依托于技术体系,毕节撒拉溪示范区主要采用潜在-轻度石漠化人工种草与草地生态改良丰产栽培技术、以金银花(Lonicera japonica)为主的坡地植物篱保水固土技术等进行模式构建;花江示范区选取以花椒-玉米为主的林粮空间优化配置技术、以皇竹草-苜蓿草为主的草地营养优化配置技术等构建经营模式。

Research on plant diversity restoration and protection of rocky desertification land can help repair the ecological environment and solve human-land conflict, providing effective methods for comprehensive treatment in these karst areas. This paper selected the Salaxi demonstration areas of Salaxi, Bijie and Guan- ling-Zhenfeng, Huajiang in Guizhou as the research objects. Through conventional surveys to plant diversi ty, we have learned the plant species, plant distribution and plant growth characteristics in the demonstration areas. Field reconnaissance and detection allow us to know land utilization and land consolidation degrees. By breeding pioneer species plants, combined with the theoretical basis of model construction and boundary conditions, zoning methods are suggested for the projects of rocky desertification land consolida tion. Under the guidance of ecological land consolidation technology system, a series of modes are proposed including compound management of temperate and cool karst plateaus, potential-slight rocky land consolidation and agro-forestry, and intensive management of dry-hot karst plateau gorge moderate rocky desertification land consolidation and characteristic economic fruit forests. The results show that, （1）Survey on plant diversity is the basis for rocky desertification land consolidation based on the restoration and protection of plant diversity, and plant diversity needs to he dynamically monitored after the project. （2）Land consolidation planning and design should be integrated into the ecological concept, and structure land consolidation pattern based on plant diversity restoration and protection of the rocky desertification can help ecological restoration and reconstruction of fragile ecological environments. For example, during 2011-2014, the vegeta tion coverage rate raised 8.51% and the area of un-rocky desertification expanded 22.53 hm2 in the Salaxi demonstration area of Bijie. The vegetation coverage rate raised 4.47% and the area of un-rocky desertifica tion expanded 13.2 hm2 in Guanling-Zhenfeng in the Huajiang demonstration area. （3）Model construction should be based on the technology system, which includes potential-slight rocky land consolidation artificial grass cultivation and grassland ecological improvement technology, the slope of hedgerow solid soil water technologies that give priority to honeysuckle （Lonicera japonica）, forest food space configuration optimiza- tion technologies that give priority to Chinese prickly ash （Zanthoxylumbungeanum Maxim）-corn（Zea mays） and the grass nutrition configuration optimization technology that gives priority to emperor bamboo grass （Pennisetumsinese Roxb）-clover （LotuscorniculatusL） as a business mode.