精神性存在的让渡：旧京的庙会与庙市

The Alienation of Spiritual Existence:Temple Festivals and Temple Fairs of Old Beijing

有城墙区隔的旧京是一座与农耕文明相匹配的乡土性城市。这种乡土性既体现在对土地敬畏的神圣性之中,更体现在家、街、城同构性的空间美学。不仅宫、观、庙、庵、坛、祠、寺等以不同的阶序密布旧京,对民众而言,供奉碧霞元君的"三山五顶"还拱卫着京师。西直门内大街这样普通的街巷也有着有"九龙二虎"之称的众多小庙。曾经普遍存在的四大门信仰使得旧京众多的家居空间同样多少具有"庙"的性质。与此相连,旧京的庙会是一种与旗人闲适典雅的日常生活相连接,并集中呈现日常生活,展现个体价值的精神性存在。在以西方为标杆的近现代化历程中,旧京必然性地经历了去神化和对以敬拜为核心的庙会的污名化历程。庙会整体性地衰减为彰显人力与物欲的庙市,沦为一种物化性的存在。随着21世纪以来的非物质文化遗产运动,庙市又向庙会进行了有限度的回归。

Old Beijing,separated by city walls,is a rural city which matches with agricultural civilization.Its ruralism is reflected by the sacredness of revering earth and also by isomorphic space aesthetics of houses,streets and the city.All kinds of temples,such as Gong,Guan,Miao,An,Ci,Tan,and Si(宫观庙庵祠坛寺),are distributed in Old Beijing according to various ranks.To the common people,Three Hills and Five Summits(三山五顶Sanshan Wuding)which enshrine The Lady of Taishan(碧霞元君 Bixia Yuanjun)surround and protect the capital city.Even in the ordinary streets and lanes of Neidajie of Xizhimen,there are numerous small temples,Nine Dragons and Two Tigers(九龙二虎Jiulong erhu).The once prevalent belief of Four Sacred Animals(四大门Sidamen)has enabled the space of many households in Old Beijing to bear more or less properties of the 'temple' .Accordingly,temple festivals of Old Beijing are spiritual existence connected with the leisure and graceful life of the Bannermen and intensively reveal their daily life and individual values.The West civilization set as the model since 1840,Old Beijing has inevitably undergone the process of secularizing and stigmatizing temple festivals the kernel of which used to be worshipping.Temple festivals have collectively deteriorated into the ones to display manpower and lust for materials,descending to materialized existence.With the movement of intangible cultural heritage since the 21 st century,temple fairs have,within limits,returned to temple festivals.