《浮士德》中的学者形象——“没有约束的现代性”之前现代图解

The Scholar-Image in Goethe's Faust: A Pre-Modern Illustration of “Modernity without Restraint”

歌德之《浮士德:一部悲剧》的主人公是一位学者和知识人。随时间推移,歌德对学者的塑造发生变化。第一阶段(1770年代)基本继承中世纪晚期/近代早期的学者讽刺传统,讽刺经院学者的迂腐和骄傲;创作的第二阶段(1800年前后)着力展示学者如何依靠智识背弃神灵,开始与魔鬼结盟以使膨胀的欲望付诸实现;创作的最后阶段(1830年前后),学者已成为科学家和学界教皇,僭越造物秩序进行人造人的实验。浮士德学者形象的演变表明,当受激情驱使的欲望取代实践理性,人失去"至高的善"引导,将没有约束的意志付诸行动,则终将导致对权力的无限攫取,走上改造自然和摧毁旧秩序的道路。歌德以人的理性和智识的代表——学者为例,图解了"没有约束的现代性"的前现代渊源。

The protagonist of Goethe＇s Faust, Eine Tragi^die, a scholar and intellectual, was reshaped by Goethe himself as the writing developed. In the first period （about 1770＇s）, Goethe was so inspirited by the traditional scholar satires of the late medieval and early modern times, that he ironically portrayed the scholastic pedantry and pride; in his second creation stage （around 1800）, Goethe devoted every effort to the depiction of the image of a scholar who, relying on his knowledge, betrayed God and made a pact with the Devil for the realization of his inflated ambition; in the last writing stage, Goethe＇s protag- onist became a scientist and even Pope of the academic world who arrogated the order of creation by conducting experiments of homuncuhis. Through the characteristic development of scholar Faust, Goethe visualized the whole course of human being who, deviating from the guide of ＂supreme good＂, deprived of his practical reason, and driven by passions and desires, put his unrestrained will into practice in the unlimited seizing of power, which leads to the transformation of the nature and the destruction of the traditional orders. By presenting a scholar as an instance of human reason and intellect, Goethe traced the ＂mo- dernity without restraint＂ back to the pre-modern time.