联邦制度与国内和平:浅析印度政府如何应对锡克教武装分离主义

Federalism and Domestic Peace: A Cursory Review of Indian Government Efforts to Respond to the Sikh Separatist Insurgency

20世纪80年代初,在印度旁遮普邦兴起的锡克教武装分离主义成为当时世界上最严重的族群冲突之一。本文认为这与印度联邦制度维持国内和平的能力有关。印度联邦制度的设计容易催生少数族群的分权和自治运动,当政府对于早期的族群冲突过度使用武力时,容易引发主体族群与少数族群之间更大规模的冲突,使得事件的发展过程进入螺旋上升的模式。锡克教武装分离主义引发的冲突也经历了类似螺旋上升的升级过程,印度联邦政府过度使用武力镇压,导致锡克教原教旨主义暴力化和部分温和派极端化,使得一场原本在联邦框架内能够谈判解决的国内族群冲突升级为内战。

In the early 1980 s,a growing Sikh separatist insurgency morphed into one of the world's most serious ethnic conflicts. It is argued here the rise of this insurgency and the conflict that followed was rooted in limited capacities of the Indian Federal Government to maintain domestic peace. Indian federalist institutions are designed in a way which enables ethnic minority to mobilize with ease movements for self- administration. As conflicts ensue,the federal government tends to adopt heavy- handed armed responses at the early stages of the conflict,which is likely to drive larger scale conflict between majority and minority groups. This in turn causes conflicts to spiral rapidly towards greater escalation. The conflicts prompted by the Sikh insurgency precisely follow such pattern: the Indian Federal government applied excessive military force in oppressing the movement,which led Sikh Fundamentalists towards greater violence,and pushed moderates towards extremism. The end result was the escalation of the conflict to a civil war,when it might otherwise have been resolved through negotiations within the framework of federalist system.