职业性化学中毒预防控制的毒理学研究进展

Advances toxicological research on occupational health and poison control

目前已有大量的化学品上市销售,而且每年还以相当的数量增加。化学品的生产和使用极大地丰富了人类的物质生活,但一些化学品对环境和人群健康造成了严重危害。传统的化学品毒性测试方法以整体动物实验为主要手段,已经无法满足目前的需求。基于化学品传统的毒性测试方法的局限性,化学品毒理学研究的模式正在发生深刻的转变,一个里程碑式的进展是美国国家科学研究委员会(NRC)发布的2个重要研究报告,即"21世纪毒性测试:愿景与策略(2007)"和"科学的决策:风险评估进展(2009)"。NRC的报告提出21世纪毒理学研究在危害因素甄别、毒性测试和风险评估的新的体系框架。未来化学品毒理学研究以识别化学品毒性通路的生物学干扰为核心,通过一系列全面的体外测试识别化学品在机体细胞、分子等不同生物学水平的致病机制,预测其毒性。本文重点讨论化学品毒理学研究面临的挑战和机遇。

The number of chemicals that are synthesized each year has been steadily increasing. Chemicals are of immense benefits to mankind,many of which,however,have a significant negative impact on the environment as well as human health primarily due to their inherent chemistry and toxicity. Human exposure to numerous toxic chemicals takes place not only in the environment and but also in the workplace. Therefore,new approaches to toxicology need to developed. A milestone in this regard is the versions of the US National Research Council ″ Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century：a Vision and a Strategy ″ and ″Science and Decisions：Advancing Risk Assessment ″. The versions require a radical paradigm shift in the approach to safety assessment and in the traditional procedure where animal experiments used to be the dominating technology. The future of toxicology suggests a new conceptual framework within which in vitro and in silico approaches based on human materials are used to understand disease pathways at multiple biological levels that are analogous to adverse outcome pathways in toxicology. This paper focuses on the many challenges and issues that need to be solved in this area.