元代释奠乐章考论

A Research on the Refined Music Movement for the Sacrificing for Confucius in the Yuan Dynasty

《元史·礼乐志》中收录有两套释奠乐章:一为实用乐章,共16章,史家以为"皆旧曲";一为备用乐章,元人撰作而未及使用,共11章,存9章,"阙"2章。明人指出,实用乐章之"旧曲"系沿用宋大晟府释奠乐章而来。清人察觉到大晟府乐章是14章,与实用乐章16章之数不符,从而断定所多2章为元人增撰;并且从元代这两套乐章间找到"巧合",得出实用乐章较大晟府所多2章就是备用乐章所缺2章的结论。可是,如果把问题放到元代祭孔礼仪演变的大背景下去考察,就会发现,《元史》备用乐章11章之数及所谓缺2章的记载本已失误,清人据此辗转解释,以致疑误更深。实际上,这2首乐章皆出自宋人王应麟之手。16首乐章在宋末祭孔仪式中已被运用,后为元廷全盘采纳。

There were two sets of Refined Music Movement for the Sacrificing for Confucius in the Yuan dynasty, one for practical applications, a total of 16 chapters, which was considered by historians to be all old song, another for standby works,a total of 11 chapters, of which 9 chapters preserved and 2 chapters missing, the scholars in Ming dynasty pointed out that the practical movement were inherited from Da Sheng Fu movement, researchers in Qing dynasty discovered the number of chapters didn＇t match between the two sets of movement, concluded that the 2 extra chapters were added in the Yuan dynasty. By tracing the source, the researchers further identified that the extra 2 chapters of the practical movement not included in Da Sheng Fu movement were exactly the lost 2 chapters of the standby movement. However, if put problems in the evolution of Sacrificing for Confucius＇ etiquette, we will find the description of chapter 11 and lack of chapter 2 of the standby movement already recorded in error in the History of Yuan dynasty, and the later scholars continued to explain it accordingly, so that lead to deeper error. In fact, these two chapters were from Wang Yinglin＇s hand, The 16 chapters had been practiced by the end of the Song dynasty, and wholly adopted by the Yuan dynasty in sacrifiling for confucius.