“中国”“美国”“巴西”数学教材“比和比例”内容的比较研究

Comparative Study on Ratio and Proportion in Grade 6 Mathematics Textbooks of Brazil, China and the United States

选取中国、美国、巴西的6年级较主流数学教材,比较教材中＂比和比例＂的相关章节.3个国家教材的问题定位、认知需求问题的分布和结构均较为相似,组织方式均为螺旋式非线性,很少涉及信息技术运用和数学史情境.对于＂比和比例＂的内容应从学生数学学习持续发展的角度给予关注.对于教材编写中问题情境的设计,可以适度增加不同主题间数学情境问题所占比重,对于开放式、半开放式问题的设计与相应学段学生心理发展水平和已有知识经验基础相匹配,寻求非数学情境问题类型的多样化.3个国家的数学教材基于熟悉情境的问题比例较高,基于陌生情境的反思式问题占比偏低.

We selected the mainstream Grade 6 mathematics textbooks from three countries： Brazil, China and the United States, and compared the relevant chapters of ratio and proportion. It is found that the locations of problem, distributions and structures of cognition problems are much the same. The organizations are spiral and nonlinear. The information technology and history of mathematics situation are rarely involved. But the significant differences are as follows： the kinds of problems situations, the disposal ways of mathematics concepts and teaching methods. It puts forward proposals about writing of textbooks on contents processing, problem situations and need levels for cognition designing.