美国对外战略变迁的动力、机制与进程——基于“社会中心”视角的分析

The Evolution of America's Foreign Policy Strategy:A Consideration of Drivers, Mechanisms and Progress from a Perspective of Socio-centrism

文章试图在已有的解释美国对外战略变迁的研究成果基础上,提出一个基于"社会中心"视角的理论分析框架,以此对美国对外战略的历史演化做出新的考察和解读。该框架表明,美国对外战略变迁背后的根本动力是国际体系压力干预下不断重组的国内社会联盟格局。自19世纪末开始海外扩张进程以来,美国国内先后形成了东北部—西部稳定多数联盟、东北部—南部稳定多数联盟、东北部—南部不稳定多数联盟及东北部—太平洋沿岸与南部—中西部联盟均势四种社会联盟格局,进而导致直接决定美国对外战略制定的国内政治运作机制相应地呈现出"共和党一党独大""两党合作""合作—制衡"与"政治极化"四种主要类型。正是上述国内"政治—社会"机制的作用,使得美国对外战略在实践中经历了从19世纪末现实主义主导的地缘政治扩张,到冷战后自由国际主义战略瓦解的复杂历史进程。

On the basis of existing research on the evolution of American foreign policy strategy,this article proposes a new theoretical framework for explaining and understanding historical change in American diplomacy from a socio-centric perspective.This framework illustrates that the fundamental driver behind change in American foreign policy is intervention from social interest groups which are constantly being reshaped by the pressures of the international system.Since embarking on its path of outward expansion at the end of the 19 th Century,the US domestically has developed four kinds of social coalition patterns:stabilizing coalitions between the Northeast and the West;stabilizing coalitions between the Northeast and the South;destabilizing coalitions between the Northeast and the South and balance of power between the Northeast-Pacific Coast coalition and the South-Midwest coalition.Together these social coalitions function to directly determine the domestic politics behind the foreign policy strategy of the United States,which takes on four forms:Republican Party Domination; Two-Party Cooperation;Cooperation and Balance and Political Polarization.It is these complex socio-political mechanisms which determined that the United States would follow a foreign policy strategy from a realist geo-political expansion in the late 19 th Century,to the collapse of Liberal Internationalism in the PostCold War Period.