马克思与怀特海的精神实践之比较

A Comparison of Spiritual Practices between Marx and Whitehead

无论是作为现代思想家的马克思,还是作为建设性后现代哲学奠基人的怀特海,他们都批判传统实体论形而上学,分别在历史唯物主义和泛经验论的实在论立场下,依循整体论、过程论、生成论的解释原则与辩证思维方式,以"现实的人""经验事态"为主体,不但确认主体精神之维的存在、精神自身的生成性、精神实践的前提,而且考察了精神生活的在场与缺场以及精神活动的外化;更为重要的是,他们既强调精神创造对于推动社会进步与文明进程的作用,又未忽略物质性活动和物质生产方式的基础地位。在马克思那里,社会生活决定社会意识;资本主义大工业使工人丧失了精神维度而沦为异化的商品人,而人的解放与自由个性的获得最终仍取决于工业、农业和商业的生产状况;在怀特海这里,"现实事态"的自我摄入包含物质与概念摄入的"两极性",其自我生成又总是受制于"从下到上"和"从上到下"的因果效验,然而,精神一旦出场就能创建新的规则和建制,我们关注的观念和被纳入背景中的观念主宰着我们的希望、忧虑及对行为的控制,塑造着文明类型。

Marx as a modern thinker and Whitehead as a founder of constructive postmodern philosophy, both criticize traditional metaphysics of ontology. In the position of realism of historical materialism or pan- empirism, they regard ＂real man＂ or ＂empirical occasion＂ as subject. Furthermore, they not only confirm the dimension of subjective spirit, the character of becoming of spirit itself, the premise of spiritual praxis, but also research the presence and absence of spiritual lives as well as objeetivization of spiritual activi- ties according tO the principles of interpretation of holism, theory of process, and theory of becoming as well as dialectical thinking. Moreover, they emphasize the roles of spiritual creations for promoting social progress and human civilization, meanwhile put material activities or material production on basic position. For Marx, social consciousness was based on social life, workers lost their spirit lives and become wares - men of alienation in capitalist industry, and human liberation and getting individuality of freedom finally were depended on the situation of productions of industry, agriculture and business. For Whitehead, the self- prehensions of ＂actual occa- sion＂ include the bipolarity of physical feelings and conceptual prehensions, and self- becoming is impacted by casual efficacy ＂from the bottom up＂ and ＂from the top down＂, however, spirits arise and they end by founding novel methods and novel institutions; the i- deas cared by us and as underground dominate our hope, anxious and behavioral control, and shape the modes of civilization.