自然资源的多元价值与国家所有的法律实现——对宪法第9条的体系性解读

Multiple Values of Natural Resources and the Realization of State Ownership:A Systematic Interpretation of Article 9 of the Chinese Constitution

对自然资源"国家所有"的理解应有两个前提,即:第一,自然资源具有包括财产价值但又超越财产价值的多元价值;第二,宪法第9条对"国家所有"已进行了基本解释,即"国家所有,即全民所有"。自然资源国家所有的法律意蕴是指自然资源所具有的财产价值、生态价值、社会价值等全部价值应通过法律机制公平地惠及全民。从宪法上形式意义的"国家所有"到实质意义上的"全民所有"的实现需要国家承担相应的法律义务,宪法第9条第2款既是国家在自然资源领域承担相应义务的宪法依据,也是我国自然资源领域相关法律为政府在自然资源领域配置具体义务的法源。

In the understanding of ＂state ownership of natural resources＂ （SONR）, there are two basic premises： firstly, natural resources have multiple values beyond property value; secondly, Article 9 of the Constitution has provided a authoritative explanation, that is, ＂state ownership means whole people ownership＂. The legal implication of SONR is that, the multiple values of natural resources should be distributed fairly to every citizen. The realization of muhiple values of natural resources is mainly based on multiple legal mechanisms： The economic value of natural resources needs market mechanism, the ecologi- cal value needs the mechanism of environmental law, and the social value needs the mechanism of adminis- trative law and social law. From ＂state ownership＂ to ＂whole people ownership＂, the obligations of state should be stressed： the obligation of fair guarantee in the exploitation and utilization of natural resources, the obligation of state protection on ecological value of natural resources, and the obligation of government to supply about social value of natural resources. Paragraph 2 of Article 9 of the Constitution is the constitutional foundation that state has the legal obligations in the field of natural resources.