“殷周革命”中女性贵族等级身份的变迁

Changes of Female Nobility's Hierarchic Identity during the “Revolution of Shang and Zhou Dynasty”

女性贵族的社会身份在殷周王朝变更中发生了巨大的变化。早期阶级社会的殷商时期,女性特别是上层女性贵族仍然拥有母系氏族社会的余威。周王朝建立后,随着社会生产力的发展,生产方式的转变,女性原有的社会地位逐渐衰落,特别是西周中期后伴随周礼的逐步完善,女性贵族的社会身份与地位已和男性贵族间产生了等级差异。女性在政治社会中的一切权力均被剥夺,表现在墓葬考古发掘资料上就是女性贵族已彻底失去了部分青铜礼器的使用权,这也意味着女性贵族失去"礼"方面的权力,高等级贵族女性只有使用一些特殊的非礼器器物来显示其特殊的地位和财富。祭祀礼中女性祖先从属于男性祖先,也已经失去了殷商时期所拥有的独立身份与较高的祭祀规格。女性社会等级与身份在殷周革命中的这一变迁深刻地影响着后世中国。

The social identity of female noble had been changed greatly in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty. During the early class society of Shang and Zhou period, female especially upper female nobles still obtained authority of matriarchal society. After the foundation of Zhou Dynasty, with the development of social productivity and changes in the mode of production, the female＇ s original status de- clined, especially with increasing perfecting of ZhouLi in the middle and late period, the class differences had been appeared between male and female nobles. All political power of female was deprived, this reflected in the archaeological materials; female nobles lost the power of using Bronze sacrificial vessels, which meant female noble lost the power of ＂Li＂. They could only show their status and wealth by using some special non - sacrificial vessels. Female subordinated to male ancestors in sacrificial rites, and lost individual i- dentity and high standard of sacrificial rites in Shang and Zhou Dynasty. Changes of female noble identity during the revolution of Shang and Zhou Dynasty exerted a great influence to later ages of China.