山东省苹果园磷素投入调查及磷环境负荷风险分析

Analysis of Soil Phosphorus Input and Phosphorus Environment Load Risk in Major Apple Production Regions of Shandong Province

以山东省苹果园土壤基础地力调查、农户肥料投入量调查和统计数据为基础,采用磷盈余法从区域角度分析了山东省胶东、鲁中南和鲁西南苹果产区果园生产体系中土壤磷素输入输出特点、磷养分盈余和土壤磷环境负荷风险。结果表明,山东省苹果园磷肥平均投入量(P_2O_5,下同)为676.17kg·hm^(-2),其中无机化肥投入的磷为477.36 kg·hm^(-2),占总投入的比例高达70.60%。不同产区间磷素投入存在显著差异,磷投入量以胶东苹果产区最高,为776.52 kg·hm^(-2),其中无机化肥带入的磷占总投入的69.14%,为3个产区最低;鲁西南苹果产区磷投入量最低,为348.90 kg·hm^(-2),但无机化肥带入的磷占总投入的比例最高(82.95%)。山东省97.82%的苹果园磷素处于盈余状态,平均盈余量为407.45 kg·hm^(-2),其中胶东苹果产区最高(615.62 kg·hm^(-2))、鲁中南苹果产区次之(342.81 kg·hm^(-2)),鲁西南苹果产区最低(263.92 kg·hm^(-2))。胶东、鲁中南和鲁西南苹果产区苹果园土壤Olsen-P含量高于风险阈值(50mg·kg^(-1))的样本比例分别为67.34%、40.51%和19.13%。整体来看,山东苹果园土壤Olsen-P含量超过风险阈值的样本比例高达56.69%,高于临界值的样本土壤Olsen-P平均含量为108.34 mg·kg^(-1),是土壤磷淋失环境风险临界值的2.17倍。

Based on the data collection through soil fertility survey of apple orchards,farmer interviewing and agricultural statistics database,the characteristics of P input,surplus and P load were studied using nutrient balance method at major apple production regions in Shandong Province. The results showed that the average application rate of P fertilizer（P2O5）was 676.17 kg·hm^-2,and the P through inorganic fertilizer application was 477.36 kg·hm^-2（70.60% of the total P input）. The characteristic of P input was significantly difference between the three different regions. The highest P input rate（776.52 kg·hm^-2）was found in Jiaodong apple production region,and the percentage of chemical phosphorus was 69.14%,which was the lowest in the three regions;the lowest P input rate（348.90 kg·hm^-2）was found in Southwestern area of Shandong,and the percentage of chemical phosphorus was 82.95%,which was the highest in the three regions. P surplus was investigated in the 97.82% of surveyed orchards,with the average amount of 407.45 kg·hm^-2,and the highest P surplus rate was found in Jiaodong apple production region（615.62 kg·hm^-2）,followed by Central south area of Shandong（342.81 kg·hm^-2）,and South western area of Shandong（263.92 kg·hm^-2）was the lowest. Soil Olsen-P level in 67.34%,40.51%,and 19.13% in the surveyed orchards had been over the risk threshold level of Olsen-P（50 mg·kg^-1）in Jiaodong,Central south area of Shandong,and South western area of Shandong apple production region,respectively. Overall,up to 56.69% of the apple orchards exist phosphorus environment risk in Shandong Province,and the soil Olsen-P content in these orchards was 108.34 mg·kg^-1,which 2.17 times of the risk threshold level of P.