成都出土东汉“别部司马”铜印考

An Eastern Han Bronze Seal of Biebu Sima Excavated in Chengdu

1975年成都羊市街出土"别部司马"铜印一件。资料显示,这种东汉军队官员印章,在全国其他地区也有少量发现。据文献记载,别部司马是东汉时期别营的领兵官,早期直属于大将军。东汉末年,兵制受到破坏,别部司马的隶属也发生了较大变化。在东汉军队中,虽然别部司马的地位和官秩都不是很高,但东汉末年至三国一些著名历史人物,都曾担任过这一官职。由于东汉兵制对别部司马的领兵数并没有作出严格规定,加上"别营"、"别部司马"属于比较特殊的编制,具有很强的独立性,朝廷和各大割据势力也就将其作为收编流散武装、增强自身实力的手段和工具。在东汉末年争霸战争中,别营、别部司马为各方霸主争夺势力范围,发挥过十分重要的作用。随着三国鼎立局面的形成,别营和别部司马已经不适应当时形势需要,并开始逐步退出历史舞台。

In 1975, a bronze seal with the inscription ＂Biebu Sima＂ [~.]~] was excavated in Chengdu, Sichuan province. Related resources reveal that similar seals have been found in small quantity at other locations in China. According to historic literature, in the Eastern Han dynasty, officers with the title ＂Biebu Sima＂ were leaders of the Bieying troops and were directly under the General Commanders. By the late Eastern Han, however, social unrest led to the destruction of the military system and the changing subordination of Biebu Sima. Although the official rank of Biebu Sima was not high, some well-known historic figures of the late Eastern Hart to Three Kingdoms period had held this position. According to the Han dynasty military system, there were no strict rules on the number of troops under Biebu Sima. In addition, ＂Biebu Sima＂ and ＂Bieying＂ as a special unit had comparatively more independence. Therefore, the Eastern Han court and warlords often took the Bieying troops to strengthen their forces. During the wars in the late Eastern Han, Bieying and Biebu Sima played important roles in battles between major military powers. With the tripartite confrontation of the Three Kingdoms, they were no longer important and gradually disappeared.