英美法下海上承运人“管货责任”之实证研究

An empirical study on the definition of "responsibility for cargo" in the Anglo-American law

梳理英美法历史上的司法实践与立法模式,通常来说,海上承运人的"管货责任"起源于早期民法意义上的"严格责任",发展形成海商法特有制度之后,最终又回归到民法上的"过错责任"。纵观历史,承运人管货责任呈减轻态势。研究不满足于对法律文本的解析,而是通过历史与实证分析,从公共承运人与私人承运人、"归责原则"(内涵)和"免责事由"(外延)的角度,深度解析英美法下海上承运人管货责任的历史嬗变。

Tracing back to the history of jurisprudence practice and legislative mode in the Anglo-American law, generally speaking, “responsibility for cargo” originated from “strict liability” in the civil law,then formed the unique institution in the maritime law,and transformed to “fault liability” in the civil law in the end. Throughout the history,the carrier？ s responsibil-ity has been on a downward trend. This research is not only limited to the interpretation of legal texts, but also construes by way of historical and empirical analysis, the evolution of the sea carrier1 s responsibility for cargo in depth from the perspec-tive of both the common and private carrier as well as u liability principlev （ intension） and “ exemption clauses” （ exten-sion ） .