三峡地区古代居住环境中的食虫目动物伴栖现象

Phenomenon of insectivora animals cohabit with human in the ancient living environment of Three Gorges region

三峡地区气候温暖、潮湿,时令水果资源丰富,是我国食虫目动物演化的核心区之一。食虫目动物在三峡地区很早(早更新世早期)就与人类有伴栖关系。这种伴栖关系可以追溯到现生食虫目动物刚刚出现的一些种类上,如龙骨坡遗址的似毛猥(H.cf.Suilluys)、似中华鼩猥(N.cf.sinensis)、似喜马拉雅水麝鼩(C.cf.himalayica)等。在新石器时代及其以后时期,三峡地区食虫目动物与人类伴栖关系一直处于稳定发展之中,以致在各种人类居址遗存(洞穴遗址、阶地遗址、城市遗址)中均发现有食虫目动物与人类伴栖现象。有些食虫目动物种类与人类伴栖关系越来越紧密,逐步成为现在西南某些城区分布密度最高的小型哺乳动物,如四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)等。食虫目动物个体小,骨壁薄,考古现场需要采用筛选法、水洗法等进行有目的的搜寻和采集,才能提取到食虫目动物研究标本。开展食虫目动物的考古研究,可填补古生物与现代动物群之间的演化关系,了解动物群演化过程中动物与人类生活的相互影响。同时,可为解析古遗址生态环境、时代特征、文化内涵等提供重要的基础研究资料。

The climate in Three Gorges region is warm and moist, resulting in richness of seasonal fruits.The region is a core area suitable for insectivora animals to evolve in our country. The cohabitant relationship of insectivora animals with human in the Three Gorges region has a long history starting from early Pleistocene. For some currently living insectivora animals, this relationship can be traced back to their just emerging species, such as Longgupo site of H. cf. Suilluys, N. cf. sinensis, C. cf. himalayica, etc. In the Neolithic age and later historical period, the cohabitant relationship is developing stably in Three Gorges region, so that at a variety of human residence sites（cave site, terraces site, urban site）, the cohabitant phenomenon of insectivora animals with human were frequently found. Some kinds of insectivora animals have developed cohabitant relationship closer and closer with human, and have gradually evolved as small mammals of the highest density in some urban areas of southwest China, such as Anourosorex squamipes, etc. Since insectivora body is small and bone wall is thin, it is needed to adopt special methods, such as screening and washing, etc., to search, extract, and collect their specimens in archaeological site. The study of insectivora animals archaeology can fill the chain of evolution between palaeobios and modern fauna, understand the mutual influence between animal and human life in the fauna evolution process, and provide important data to help us resolve the ancient sites of ecological environment, age characteristics, and cultural connotation.