论罗马法中的与朋友信托

On the Fiducia Cum Amico in Roman Law

罗马法中的与朋友信托是罗马法中信托制度的重要组成部分,该制度也是传统大陆法系国家构建现代信托制度的历史基础之一,但我国学者对这一制度的结构、功能、体系定位等基本问题缺乏研究。现代学者是在管理他人财产的功能视角理解与朋友信托的,即将与朋友信托解读为现代法中的管理信托,但这并不是罗马法中的与朋友信托的原义。罗马法中的与朋友信托并不是信托担保的组成部分,而是一个独立的制度安排,然而盖尤斯首先使用的这一术语并不是一个实在性的概念,而只是一个"名头",用来指称不属于信托担保的其他信托类型。设立与朋友信托不得损害债权人的利益。与朋友信托具有寄托、赠与和解放奴隶的功能,但不具有使用借贷的功能。

Fiducia cum amico is one type fiducia in roman law. It is also an important historical foundation of modern trust in traditional civil law system country. However,Chinese scholars have not studied its structure,function,position in the institutional system,and other basic problems.Modern scholars understand it from the perspective of management of other people ＇s property,in other words,they interpret it as an management trust,but this is its original meaning in roman law.In roman law,fiducia cum amico is not part of fiducia cum creditore,but a independent institutional arrangement. However,this concept created by Gaius does not have substantive connotation,but a ＂title＂,which is used to cover other types of fiducia not belonging to the fiducia cum creditore.The establishment of a fiducia cum amico shall not prejudice the interests of the creditors. The functions of this fiducia are deposit,gift and liberation of slaves,but does not have the function of loan for use.