男子20km竞走项目速度节奏的实证研究

An Empirical Research on Pacing Pattern in Men's 20 km Race Walking

选取2013年莫斯科世界田径锦标赛20 km竞走比赛中48名完成比赛的运动员为研究对象,通过对比不同竞技水平运动员速度节奏的差异、探讨不同速度节奏与最佳成绩重现能力的关系,揭示有利于最大限度发挥运动员潜能的速度节奏规律。结果:4组竞走运动员全程速度变异程度以及出发速度、峰值速度相对于全程平均速度的变异程度均存在显著差异。运动员在比赛中表现出其竞技水平越低,全程速度变异程度越大,出现速度持续下降的情况越早,速度下降比例越大;其出发速度相对于全程平均速度的变异程度越大,分段速度低于出发速度的情况发生的越早,出发速度高于全程平均速度越多;其峰值速度相对于全程平均速度的变异程度越大,峰值速度出现的时间越早且速度较小。运动员的最佳成绩重现能力与其全程速度变异程度,出发速度、峰值速度相对于全程平均速度的变异程度均呈现出负相关的关系。结论:男子20 km竞走项目比赛中,能最大程度发挥运动员潜能的速度节奏表现为全程速度变异较小,尤其是出发速度、峰值速度与各分段速度差异较小,且峰值速度出现较晚、出发速度低于多数其他分段速度。

Taking the 48 walkers of 20 km race walking participating in 2013 Moscow IAAF World Championships as research subjects, through making comparative analysis on pacing difference among walkers with different competitive level, this paper discussed the relation between different pacing and best performance, revealed the pacing pattern which is beneficial to maximize the poten- tial of walkers. The result showed that the velocity variation of the whole course, starting velocity variation relative to the other section, peak velocity relative to the average velocity of the whole course have significant differences. With the decrease of the competitive level in the race, the greater the sectional velocity variation relative to the whole course, greater percent of velocity drop off, the sooner the time of velocity drop off. The greater the variation of starting velocity, the sooner the time of velocity drops off. The greater the variation relative to the whole course, the sooner the section of peak velocity and the smaller. There is negative correlation between the reproduction ability of the best performance of the walker and variation of sectional velocity, starting velocity and peak velocity. Conclusion： In men＇ s 20 krn race walking competition, pacing pattern which is beneficial to maxi- mize the potential of walkers shows small variation, especially for starting velocity, the time of peak velocity and sectional velocity exits smaller differnece, and the neak velocity occur later.