阿基琉斯的眼泪——论荷马《伊利亚特》中的哭泣问题

Achilles' Crying: Tears in Homer's Iliad

《伊利亚特》中存在着大量的哭泣场面,在众多哭泣中,最引人注意的则是阿基琉斯的哭泣。阿基琉斯的哭泣折射出希腊战士的荣誉观与死亡观,既包括了对阿伽门农损害自己荣誉的愤怒,又包含着对失去挚友、失去见证自己荣誉者的痛苦。但他的哭泣也遭到哲人苏格拉底的批判。在苏格拉底看来,英雄的哭泣只是诗人荷马为了迎合心灵在遭受不幸时渴望发泄的自然欲望,而灵魂的理性部分需要控制这种发泄的欲望。也正是通过对英雄泪的批评,苏格拉底进一步实现了对希腊传统荣誉观、死亡观的改造。在此之后,对个体荣誉的重视转变为对群体荣誉的倚重,对死亡的惧怕转换为对死亡的接纳。总之,哭泣问题深刻地展露了诗歌与哲学之争,"卓越个体"与共同体之间的紧张关系。

Many weeping spots that can be seen in Homeric Epic, and the most striking one is Achilles＇ cry- ing. The crying of Achilles mirrors the value of glory, honor and death in Greek army. It is involved in his anger with Agamemnon who his damaged his esteem, and his pain and suffering due to the loss of his best friend who had witnessed his glory. Nevertheless, a critical comment on Achilles＇ weeping had made from a famous philosopher named Socrates. In Socrates＇ perspective, a hero who cried may be due to some natural needs he have to meet or outlet when he suffers. However, the rationality in one＇s mind is able to control the desire when he tend to give vent to. Then, the criticism of a hero＇s cry can be achieved based on the transforming value in terms of traditional glory and the concept of death by Socrates. Meanwhile, the emphasis of glory which people placed transformed from indi- viduals to collective, and the views of death changed from fear to acceptance. Hence, the quarrel of weeping issue can be profoundly revealed in terms of poetry and philosophy, and the tension between the excellence individual and the group.