当代专长哲学的兴起和趋势

The Rise and Possible Development of Contemporary Expertise Philosophy

社会评价专家的标准之确立经历了"三次浪潮":"第一次浪潮"完全相信并遵从专家的意见,"第二次浪潮"揭示了专家意见的非理性机制,同时使人们认识到社会因素是专长拒斥不掉的认识论特征,"第三次浪潮"在技术层面上要求回到对专长本身的讨论上来。当前在对专长的技术分析上有两条路径发展较为成熟:以德雷福斯为代表的"个体主义"和以柯林斯为代表的"集体主义"进路。二者虽然都抓住了"身体"这条线索,开展了"经验研究",但是德雷福斯研究的是日常经验,柯林斯研究的是科学经验,这导致二者在看待涉身性和意会知识等问题上产生了分歧。这两种进路分别站在了专长哲学的两极,如何弥合二者的分歧,在介于个体主义和集体主义之间找到中间道路,将是专长哲学未来发展的主要方向。

There have been three waves for judging experts:the first wave trusts expert absolutely;the second wave reveals the irrational mechanism of expert's opinion,and makes public realize that social factors are the internal epistemological features of expertise.The Third wave returns to the technical analysis of expertise itself.There are two mature approaches to expertise study of third wave,including individualism developed by H.Dreyfus and collectivism developed by H.Collins.Both focus on the clues of'body'.However,Dreyfus' study is based on normal life experience,while Collins' is based on scientific experience.The divergence of approach causes debates between them on the problem of tacit knowledge and embodiment.In fact,these two approaches hold two extremes in the expertise study.How to bridge them and find the middle way is the future possible direction of expertise study.